<p>Fisini  is a village and a community in the southeastern part of the island of Lemnos, Greece. It is in the municipal unit of Moudros. In 2011 its population was 57 for the village, and 107 for the community, which includes the village Agia Sofia.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Localities</h2><br>
<h3>Agia Sofia</h3><br>
<p>Agia Sofia is a small settlement, 2 km northwest of Fisini and 4 km south of Kaminia. It was first mentioned in 1303. The present church was built in 1974, and replaced a building from 1914 that was damaged in the 1968 earthquake. According to tradition the settlement was originally built towards the west near the coast, at the locality Paliomantra. It was marked on the 1785 map of Choiseul-Gouffier at this old location, but Conze marked it at the present location in 1858. The move of the village must have taken place at the end of the 18th century, which coincides with an increase of pirate attacks. Also in the new location the villagers had to protect themselves against pirates, and built unique underground shelters known as moursa. Gradually, the village grew. In 1857, 73 men aged 18 to 60 paid 2,336 piastres to escape conscription. It had 35 families in 1863 and had 74 houses in 1874. Since 1918 Agia Sofia is part of the community of Fisini. Agia Sofia had 277 inhabitants in 1928, it had 191 in 1961 and only 55 in 2001. The public school, opened in 1919, was closed in 1972.</p><br>
<p>East of the village the ruins of the locality Agiomarnos can be found.</p><br>
<h3>Paradeisi</h3><br>
<p>The hill Paradeisi (286 m elevation) dominates southeastern Lemnos. It is situated northwest of Agia Sofia, and southwest of Kaminia. On old maps it is referred to as "Neptune hill" (Colle di Nettune) (Porcacchi, 1572), Neptunius Collis (Ortelius, 1589 and Mercator, 1607 and 1630). The name Paradeisi ("paradise") was first mentioned on a map of Joseph Roux (1764).</p><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church, a historic Baptist church located at Lynchburg, Virginia. It is built of hard-pressed red brick on a rough granite foundation. The main facade of the church, facing Eleventh Street, and the two sides are centered with large rose windows framed within Gothic arches covered with hood moldings. Construction began in 1884 and the church was dedicated in 1886. In the 1920s, Lynchburg architect Stanhope S. Johnson designed the complementary Sunday School annex. In 1941, the interior of the sanctuary was modified by Stanhope S. Johnson, with the creation of a divided chancel. It is home to the oldest Baptist congregation of Lynchburg, established in July 1815.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is located in the Court House Hill-Downtown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Church is a historic Episcopal church in Lynchburg, Virginia, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lynchburg&#39;s oldest Episcopal parish was established in 1822. A replacement building was constructed in 1852, which Vermont schoolteacher turned local businessman and vestryman Elijah Fletcher helped fund. By then, Fletcher had moved his principal residence back to Amherst, Virginia, and helped found Ascension Episcopal Church there, although he conducted business and owned property in both the village and city. After his death and the American Civil War, one of his daughters, Indiana Fletcher Williams, would marry Episcopal priest J. Henry Williams of New York, and after the death of their only child, Daisy, and (though her last will and testament) found Sweet Briar College (incorporated in 1901 and on whose board successive rectors of this parish sat).</p><br>
<p>The current building was planned in 1888, cornerstone laid on May 26, 1891, first service held in the still-unfinished building the week before Christmas 1895. It is on a different lot from the 1852 building, which by then was considered too small. The architect, Day of Philadelphia, would later become known for his collegiate Gothic designs on the campuses of Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, Yale University and Wellesley College. The belfry was added in 1912, pursuant to plans submitted by a local architectural firm, Lewis & Burnham, although not in the original Day plans. The same firm built a parish house at the same time. Although local tradition attributes the stained glass windows to Louis Tiffany, and they are of that school, no documentation supporting that attribution has yet been found.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the parish bought the adjacent Carter Glass house for use as a parish house, the previous parish house being too small.</p><br>
<p>During remodeling in 1970s, the organ and choir were moved to the rear balcony and most chancel furniture removed.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is of Richardsonian Romanesque design and constructed of gray granite (quarried in southwest Virginia), and trimmed with brownstone. A belfry was added in. Connected to the main sanctuary is the parish house, built in 1912.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is located in the Court House Hill-Downtown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Parker–Hickman Farm includes the oldest standing log structure in Buffalo National River. The farm was homesteaded in the 1840s by settlers from Tennessee. It embodies an agricultural landscape with farmstead, extant fields , fencerows, roads, cattle gates, garden and orchard plots, wooded slopes and springs. Unlike most farms in the Ozarks the landscape is remarkably intact and provides insights and evidence spanning portions of two centuries of Ozark history; not randomly chosen, it conveys a feeling of enclosure and exemplifies adaptive use of topography. Among farms of its kind in Missouri and Arkansas it was once typical but now survives as a rare baseline example for Ozark yeomanry farms of mixed economies. Parker–Hickman was an agricultural enterprise that continuously operated until 1982 from a farmstead which exemplifies the entire period, and a rare one for the Ozarks since it survives. Clustered around the farmstead are several structures: barns, sheds smokehouse, privy, fences, stock feeders and house that represent a cross-section of rural vernacular architecture still in their original location.</p><br>
<p>Although other farms in the Ozark–Ouachita region had similar origins, with settlement patterns that evolved from subsistence to commercial agriculture, the Parker–Hickman farm is important because it survived intact. Until purchased by the National Park Service the Parker–Hickman farm continued uninterrupted as an agricultural enterprise for more than one hundred forty-five years, a rare intact survival of a typical southern upland farm in the Ozark–Ouachita region.</p><br>
<p>Fort Lancaster, one in a series of forts erected along the western Texas frontier, is located in the Pecos River Valley, along Live Oak Creek, in Crockett County, Texas, United States. The fort was established by Captain Stephen Decatur Carpenter on August 20, 1855, to guard the military supplies, commercial shipments, and immigrants moving along the San Antonio-El Paso Road. The 82 acre site, now operated by the Texas Historical Commission as Fort Lancaster State Historic Site, contains the ruins of twenty-nine buildings that made up the fort and a visitor center with a museum about the heritage of the fort.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On 7 Aug. 1855, Capt. Stephen Carpenter, West Point Class 1840, left Fort Duncan with 1st Infantry Co. H and K, and established Camp Lancaster on Live Oak Creek on 20 Aug. The camp was probably named after Capt. Carpenter&#39;s classmate, Job Roberts Hamilton Lancaster. When it was initially constructed in August, 1855 as Camp Lancaster, the buildings were tents, followed by simple shelters covered with canvas known as jacales. A short time later pre-fabricated parts of experimental modular buildings, USA Army “Turnley Portable Cottages”, were hauled by wagon from the railhead in San Antonio and erected at the site.</p><br>
<p>On 12 October 1855 Captain Carpenter led a small detail several miles upstream along Live Oak Creek to find a tree to serve as a flagpole for the new fort. The party encountered a band of Apache passing through the area. In a brief firefight, a teamster was killed. Carpenter and two troopers dismounted to control their mounts. The Indians used the cover of brush to work closer, until they could fire arrows at the soldiers. They yelled savagely and used whistles to communicate, hoping to overpower the small force. When within a dozen paces of Carpenter, two warriors unleashed a volley of arrows at the Captain, one striking his horse in the neck and another hitting him in the right hand. His pistol stopped it from passing through his hand into his body. Carpenter shot one warrior in the chest, killing him. Dropping his pistol, he desperately attempted to raise a shotgun against the other Indian. A trooper shot the Indian before he could reach Carpenter. The group returned to the post, bloodied, with only the one loss.</p><br>
<p>Capt. Robert S. Granger took over command on 2 Feb. 1856. Camp Lancaster became Fort Lancaster on 12 Aug. 1856. By 1857, "the garrison was still housed in Turnley buildings, but barracks of stone and adobe were under construction," and on 9 July, the USA Camel Corps stopped at the post on its way to New Mexico. By 1858 the fort was garrisoned by 152 men. Company H then left the fort on 12 April 1859 "to take post" at Fort Stockton along Comanche Springs.</p><br>
<p>Fort Lancaster was abandoned by the USA Army on March 19, 1861, after Texas seceded from the Union. USA troops and their dependants (a few families, including enlisted men’s wives serving as laundresses) and the contract sutler were allowed by Texas State Troops to leave the fort with their arms, equipment, horses, draft animals, wagons, and personal belongings; they went to San Antonio, boarded trains for the Texas coast, and sailed away on USA ships. After declaration of war the fort was garrisoned by Company F, Second Regiment of the Texas Mounted Rifles, recently taken into the Confederate States Army, from December 1861 through April 1862. When the Civil War ended the fort was abandoned by Texas troops and the buildings began to deteriorate from vandalism and the harsh climate.</p><br>
<p>When the Civil War ended the USA Army occupied Texas; Texas was under USA Army administration until 1875. During the occupation several other frontier forts were established in Texas. Various companies of the 9th Cavalry rotated through Fort Lancaster and gradually the outpost was rebuilt. These soldiers escorted stagecoaches westward and fought skirmishes with Apaches. In December 1867 the USA 9th Cavalry’s Company K, a unit of African American cavalrymen with white commissioned officers, was stationed at the fort. These were seasoned “horse soldiers” including Civil War veteran non-commissioned officers. Largely because white cavalry units objected to designating them as “USA Cavalry”, they were furnished with “saddle mules" and horses inferior to those of other USA cavalry units; sometimes they were issued outdated arms and other such second-rate equipment. Despite their equally dangerous and arduous duties they were officially called “mounted infantry.” A motto ascribed to them was "forty miles a day on beans and hay." On December 26, 1867, a large band of Kickapoo and Comanchero raiders attacked the fort to steal horses. The company repelled the attack but lost 38 horses and mules. Some of the raiders returned two days later; they were unsuccessful in taking the remaining animals. The fort was not challenged by the renegades again.</p><br>
<p>In 1871 the fort&#39;s troops were active in dealing with the Kiowa-Comanche uprising. After the trouble subsided the fort was completely abandoned in 1873 or 1874. During the following decades much of the building material from the fort was used for buildings in the vicinity, particularly in Sheffield, about seven miles (8.4 km) west.</p><br>
<h2>Archeology</h2><br>
<p>Within 40 years after being built, the wooden-frame superstructures of some buildings at the fort burned. "Only a few partially extant walls, a chimney, and numerous wall foundations remained in 1912." This was the general condition of the site when the first scientific archeological investigations were conducted in 1966. Archeological excavations were again conducted in 1971 when the site was mapped and test excavations were done. Archeological investigations in 1974 revealed that officers quarters buildings had wood-plank floors, thresholds, and doorjambs fitted with iron pintels; the assumption is that doors were also of wood. These carbonized remains were left in situ after being exposed during archeological investigations, photographed, and recorded by measured drawings using grid systems tied to "modern" architectural features of the park facilities. The excavation units were stabilized by careful backfilling with soil removed from those units to protect the remains for anticipated future public display. Subsequent archeology in 1975 and 1976 revealed that wooden superstructure and flooring of sites commanding officers residence and the sutlers store had likewise been destroyed by fire. Architectural details of buildings investigated by archeological excavation 1974-1976 indicate that before the buildings burned they were all similar in design and construction, as would be expected of military engineering.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Fort Lancaster was deeded to Crockett County in 1968 by private owners for its preservation and public use. Title to the land subsequently was transferred to Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) on April 16, 1968.</p><br>
<p>TPWD architects attempted the first interpretative restoration at the site with modern cement mortar to stabilize the remaining stone walls and cement-fortified adobes to simulate the original plain-mud adobes of the enlisted men’s mess-hall. Associated with the 1974-1976 archeological investigations and as a preservation measure the archeologists in 1976 made adobes from untempered mud dug on site with hand tools. These adobes, sized to duplicate the original adobe bricks, were laid atop remaining original adobe walls at some of the officer’s quarters on the north side of the parade ground. Remains of these adobes still formed a protective preservative layer as late as April, 2010. A budget shortfall prompted the State to yield management of the site to Texas Rural Communities, Incorporated, in 1993. On January 1, 2008, operational control of the site was transferred from TPWD to the Texas Historical Commission, which now manages preservation and public visitation of the site.</p><br>
<p>A scale model of Fort Lancaster is on display at the Crockett County Museum in nearby Ozona, Texas.</p><br>
<p>Echo Lake is located in the town of Charleston in Orleans County, Vermont within a region known as the Northeast Kingdom. It is one of only two deep, cold, and oligotrophic lakes in the Clyde River system, the other being nearby Lake Seymour. The first Surveyor General of Vermont, Whitelaw, gave it the name of Echo Pond because when any sound was produced in its vicinity it was reverberated in various directions, producing a series of echoes.</p><br>
<p>The freshwater lake covers 530 acre and is 1.5 mi long and 0.75 mi at its widest; its maximum depth is 129 ft. The lake is fed by the outlet from Lake Seymour. The lake empties into the Clyde River, Lake Memphremagog and, eventually, Canada&#39;s St. Lawrence River.</p><br>
<p>A dam is used for hydroelectric power. Construction was completed in 1922. It is owned by Citizens Utilities Company. The dam is concrete. The core is homogeneous concrete. The foundation is rock. The height is 16 ft by 120 ft. Maximum discharge is 693 ft&sup3; per second. Its capacity is 5,000 acre.ft. Normal storage is 3,180 acre.ft. It drains an area of 24 square miles. The dam was reconstructed in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The lake is a coldwater fishery supporting rainbow trout, lake trout, yellow perch, smallmouth bass and burbot. There are crayfish storks seagulls trouts cat tails and fish. The temperature depends on what season it is.</p><br>
<p>The Reveille Range is the Nye County, Nevada mountain range that is the location of the Reveille Range volcanic field. The highest point is Reveille Peak in the southern part of the range with an elevation of 8,812 ft.</p><br>
<p>The range is approximately 26 mi long and 8 mi in width and is oriented approximately north south. The Railroad Valley lies to the east and the Reveille Valley to the west. Immediately to the north northeast lies the Pancake Range and the Lunar Crater National Natural Landmark. The community of Warm Springs and USA Route 6 are seven miles west of the north end of the range. Nevada State Route 375, the Extraterrestrial Highway, runs east from Warm Springs through the divide between the Reveilles and the Pancake Range and then south into Railroad Valley past the east side of the range. West of the Reveille Valley lies the Kawich Range and to the east across Railroad Valley lies the Quinn Canyon Range. The restricted Nellis Air Force Range lies to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<p>Goblin Knobs - Five miles north of Reveille were so named because local tuff weathers into hoodoos and weird knobs.</p><br>
<p>Reveille - Mr Fairchild, a member of a prospecting party who was an editor of the Reese River Reveille named the mining district in 1866 to commemorate the newspaper.</p><br>
<p>The Sahwave Mountains are a mountain range in Pershing County, Nevada. The Sahwaves are a north – south trending range typical of the Basin and Range Province.</p><br>
<p>The Sahwaves are located in southwest Pershing County with the southernmost foothills extending into Churchill County. The range is approximately 22 mi in length with a width of about 5 mi. The highest peak is Juniper Mountain with a peak elevation of 7,474 ft. Surrounding valleys range in elevation from 5,200 ft in the Sage Spring Valley to the west to 4,430 ft in the Kumiva Valley to the north to 3,900 ft in Blue Wing Flat to the east.</p><br>
<p>Surrounding ranges include the closely associated Nightingales to the west, the Truckees to the southwest, the Trinities to the southeast with Lovelock on the Humboldt River beyond. To the northeast are the Selenite Range and the small Blue Wing Mountains are directly north across the narrow Juniper Pass. Further to the northeast lie the Seven Troughs Range.</p><br>
<p>The Harmony Borax Works is located in Death Valley at Furnace Creek Springs, then called Greenland. It is now located within Death Valley National Park in Inyo County, California. It is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Origin and Twenty-mule teams</h2><br>
<p>After discovery of Borax deposits here by Aaron and Rosie Winters in 1881, business associates William Tell Coleman and Francis Marion Smith subsequently obtained claims to these deposits, opening the way for "large-scale" borax mining in Death Valley. The Harmony operation became famous through the use, from 1883 to 1889, of large Twenty-mule teams and double wagons which hauled borax the long overland route to the closest railroad in Mojave, California.</p><br>
<p>During the summer months, when it was too hot to crystallize borax in Death Valley, a smaller borax mining operation shifted to his Amargosa Borax Plant in Amargosa, near the present community of Tecopa, California. The Harmony Works remained under Coleman&#39;s operation until 1888, when his business collapsed.</p><br>
<h2>Frank M. "Borax" Smith</h2><br>
<p>William Coleman&#39;s original holdings in the works were subsequently acquired by Frank M. "Borax" Smith in 1890, to become the Pacific Coast Borax Company with the 20 Mule Team Borax brand. Activity at Harmony Borax Works ceased with the development of the richer Colemanite borax deposits at Borate in the Calico Mountains, where they continued until 1907.</p><br>
<p>The Harmony Borax Works was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 1974. They are part of the National Park Service historical site preservation program in Death Valley National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Seaman Range is a 30-mile  long mountain range in Lincoln and Nye counties, Nevada, in the western United States.</p><br>
<p>The range lies at the south perimeter of the large north-trending White River Valley, along with Coal Valley to its west. The eastern side of the mountain range forces the south-flowing White River to course southeast, south, and then south-southwesterly, towards Hiko and the Key Pittman Wildlife Management Area.</p><br>
<p>The central-south of the range is anchored by the Timber Mountain massif and on its southeast creates the White River Narrows. The Weepah Spring Wilderness is located at Timber Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The range is made of two trending sections; the north section trends from Timber Mountain, about 10 mi due northwest, at the south of White River Valley. The massif of Timber Mountain at 8,442 ft anchors the range center. The entire south section, about 20 mi long trends south-southwesterly. Coincidentally, for this region, the following ranges, valleys, and rivercourses show this parallelism trend, part of the Basin and Range: the list from west to east are: Golden Gate Range, Coal Valley, Seaman Range, section of the White River, Delamar Valley and Dry Lake Valley, Burnt Springs Range, Delamar Mountains, and in the east, section of Meadow Valley Wash.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Nevada State Route 318 traverses the southeast, east, and part of the northeast of the range. It follows the course of the White River, from Hiko and Crystal Springs, about 20 miles south of Timber Mountain. Route 318 continues north into the east side of White River Valley, reaching Lund, about 50 mi distant.</p><br>
<p>Unimproved dirt road Seaman Wash Road at the southwest range perimeter, accesses the center-south of Coal Valley, and the Coal Valley Reservoir, at dissected land or saltflats. Other unimproved roads from eastern Coal Valley or Seaman Wash Road access the west, southwest, and northwest of the range.</p><br>
<p>The Porter County Museum is located inside the former Porter County Jail & Sheriff&#39;s Residence, southeast of the Porter County Courthouse in Valparaiso, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>The former Porter County Jail & Sheriffs Residence has been home to the Porter County Museum since May 11, 1975. It is located at 153 South Franklin, Valparaiso, Indiana on the southeast corner across from the courthouse square. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Awarded the Outstanding Historical Organization of the Year by the Indiana Historical Society in 2016, the Porter County Museum, commonly referred to as the PoCo Muse, maintains six permanent and one featured exhibit, as well as programs and activities throughout the year. Artifacts of interest are a mastodon tusk (which was discovered on Myron Benedicts Boone Grove farm in 1949), WWII-era wedding dress created from the silk of a parachute, Joseph Bailly&#39;s personal trunk, and thousands of other objects cared for by the Porter County Museum.</p><br>
<h2>The c. 1860 Hunt Residence</h2><br>
<p>Long recognized as the home to Porter County&#39;s sheriff between March 1872 and January 1975, the beautiful Italianate residence was believed to have been built for Franklin Hunt, a wealthy Valparaiso merchant, in 1860. It is located on East Indiana Avenue, which was Mechanic Street when the house was first constructed. The building is accessible to the public through the operation of the Porter County Museum, which is open Wednesday through Saturday, 10a/5p. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Joliet Stone is used for the voussoirs and keystone. The Joliet Stone has been rusticated at third points along each side of a window or door. Rusticated stone is also use in the quoins and foundation walls. The brackets and eave moldings are of pressed tin. The roof is a shallow hipped style. The four large chimneys were removed when steam heating was installed. The original heating was by stoves on the upper floors and small arched white marble fireplaces on first floor.</p><br>
<p>The interior woodwork is relatively unchanged except for the changes to add bathrooms and steam heat. There are four rooms on the first floor with an open stairway to the second floor. There are four large rooms on the second floor, which match those on the first. A closed stairway leads to the attic. The basement has a furnace and laundry area with a fruit cellar, and a coal bin. Two rooms were used as office and recreational area for the sheriff deputies.</p><br>
<p>Inscriptions of the cornerstone laid in 1871 names R. Rose as the architect. Shade & Lembke, Builders, Wm. Davison, Stone Cutter from Joliet, Illinois. S.P. Robbins, A.B. Price and A.V. Bartholomew were the County Commissioners.</p><br>
<h2>1871 Porter County Jail</h2><br>
<p>The jail was added to the residence in 1871 and officially opened in March 1872 for a combined construction cost of $26,500. From the late 1850s until the 1871 jail&#39;s construction, prisoners were taken to LaPorte County. Designed by R. Rose using Gothic Revival styling with a showing of strength and a commanding presence in the community, Shade and Lembke were the builders. A new jail was opened in 1974 and this facility closed.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Porter County Jail and Sheriff’s Residence represent an common idea about local Indiana law enforcement in the mid 1800s. The attached residence provided for the Sheriff to be on duty 24-hrs a day, and it was law that his wife was required to cook for the prisoners and act as the jail matron when women were present.</p><br>
<h2>Porter County MuseumPoCo Muse</h2><br>
<p>The Porter County Museum (PoCo Muse), founded in 1916, moved to the former Porter County Jail & Sheriff&#39;s Residence and opened on May 11, 1975. Visit www.pocomuse.org to learn about the latest activities and to plan a visit.</p><br>
<p>S&H Cornerstone.jpgCornerstone</p><br>
<p>S&H Front Door PC120035.jpgFront door to Sheriff’s House</p><br>
<p>S&H Img 3-26-14 104.jpgWindow Styling</p><br>
<p>S&H Img 3-26-14 109.jpgMain stairway</p><br>
<p>S&H rosete P2030019.jpgRosette of front entrance</p><br>
<p>S&H PC120041.jpgJail with square & round towers</p><br>
<p>S&H Img 3-26-14 123.jpgPrisoner cell</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>”Counties of Porter and Lake Indiana”, Weston A. Goodspeed, Historical Editor and Charles Blanchard, Biographical Ed. F.A. Battey & Co. 1883; Chapter, “History of Porter County”, pg 23</p><br>
<p>”History of Porter County”, Volume I, Then Lewis Publishing Co; Chicago-New York; 1912, pg 58-59.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Districts and Structures</h2><br>
<p>David Garland Rose House</p><br>
<p>DeForest Skinner House Built in 1860, it is of Italianate design.</p><br>
<p>Dr. David J. Loring Residence and Clinic Built in 1906, this house served Dr. Loring as a home and a business.</p><br>
<p>Heritage Hall Built in 1875 as Flint Hall, to day, it is part of the Law School.</p><br>
<p>Immanuel Lutheran Church In 1862by a German congregation, the church is today known as Heritage Lutheran Church.</p><br>
<p>Josephus Wolf House, outside of city limits, with Valparaiso address.</p><br>
<p>Porter County Memorial Opera Hall The Memorial Opera House opened in 1893 as a monument to the men who served during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Valparaiso Downtown Commercial District</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Mullins, Lanette; Images of America; Valparaiso – Looking Back, Moving Forward; Arcadia Publishing; Chicago, Illinois; 2002</p><br>
<p>Neeley, George E. City of Valparaiso, A Pictorial History; G. Bradley Publishing, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri; 1989</p><br>
<p>Porter County Interim Report, Indiana Historic Sites and Structures Inventory; Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana; July 1991</p><br>
<p>The Tobin Range is a mountain range in eastern Pershing County, Nevada. The Tobin Range includes Mount Tobin, a 9,754 ft summit that dominates the surrounding area. Mount Tobin has a latitude of 40°22′37″N and a longitude of 117°31′33″W.</p><br>
<p>To the north the Tobins are separated from Buffalo Mountain in Humboldt County by Smelser Pass and to the northeast from the Battle Mountains in Lander County by the broad Buffalo Valley. To the east and southeast lie the Fish Creek Mountains and the small Augusta Mountains. To the west and southwest lie the East Range and the Stillwater Range across Pleasant Valley. To the northwest is the Sonoma Range in Humboldt County.</p><br>
<p>The 1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake produced dramatic fault scarps along the west margin of the range with up to 5.8 m of vertical displacement.</p><br>
<p>Medicine Butte is a mountain located in Uinta County, approximately 6.9 mi north of the city of Evanston, Wyoming. It is 8,610 ft in elevation and can be reached via an access road. The mountain houses radio towers serving numerous local and regional services.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is named as such by Native Americans because of the great variety of herbs and roots that they used for medicine which were found on the slopes of the butte. The mountain is sometimes known as “Fremont’s Monument” for John C. Fremont.</p><br>
<h2>Radio use</h2><br>
<p>Radio towers for several different communications systems exist on the summit of the mountain. Most notable of these are two higher power FM radio stations, and numerous translators serving the local area.</p><br>
<p>The following is a complete list of radio stations with transmitters located on the mountain, sorted by frequency.</p><br>
<p>As well as housing towers and transmitters for radio stations, the mountain also has towers for amateur radio operations. It is owned by a resident from Manila, Utah and transmits on 146.680 MHz. Another amateur radio repeater nearby, transmits on 147.02 MHz. It is known as K70GM. Local companies and telecommunications services also carry towers on the mountain. Emergency systems for Evanston and Uinta County also broadcast from towers on Medicine Butte. Daggett County, Utah also has services transmitting from the mountain. The United States Forest Service owns a tower on the mountain.</p><br>
<h3>KNYN</h3><br>
<p>KNYN is the highest power radio station transmitting on the mountain. In 2005, the station suffered a partial tower collapse and has been running on lower power (and a backup transmitter) since. The cause of the collapse was apparently weather-related, as the area had experienced heavy icing.</p><br>
<h2>Television</h2><br>
<p>Medicine Butte is commonly used to receive television signals from the Salt Lake City market, and relay them into rural parts of Wyoming and Idaho. The following is a complete list of television stations broadcasting from Medicine Butte to the surrounding area.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Medicine Butte can be accessed via Red Willow Road, north of Evanston on US Highway 89. The road is used locally for the landfill of Evanston, but branches off to the left to climb the summit. The road is not in good condition in most places, and a four wheel drive vehicle is recommended.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Early and Jubal Early Monument was started in the early 1900s, and consists of the remains of an American Civil War fort and monument located on a 1.29 acre site at Lynchburg, Virginia. Confederate forces under the command of Lt. Gen. Jubal Early constructed the roughly square earthen fort in June 1864 as part of the outer defenses of Lynchburg as the Union Army of West Virginia, under Maj. Gen. David Hunter, advanced from the north and west in an attempt to capture the city during the Battle of Lynchburg. It is the only section of the Lynchburg defenses still in existence.</p><br>
<p>The walls of the fort are approximately 12 to 15 ft in height on the exterior and approximately 4 to 6 ft high on the interior. Within the fort is a one-story brick structure that was built in 1922 by the Fort Hill Woman&#39;s Club and contains exhibits on the Battle of Lynchburg. A brick paved entrance drive with a 15 ft high iron arch erected in 1924, with the words "Fort Early", cut through the eastern portion of the breastworks and forms the entrance to the site. The remaining portions of the breastworks are intact including a sally port in the northern wall used to bring in ammunition and other supplies during the military operation of the fort. A 17 ft high granite obelisk honoring Confederate General Jubal A. Early and erected in 1919, is located on a triangle of land formed by the intersection of Fort Avenue and Memorial Avenue.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Tuolumne Meadows Ranger Station and Comfort Stations are examples of National Park Service Rustic design in Yosemite National Park. They are within the Tuolumne Meadows Historic District at Tuolumne Meadows. The ranger station was built in 1924 using peeled log construction. The ranger station doubled as the park entrance station for the Tioga Road. Its function was partly superseded by a newer structure in 1936, using larger quantities of stonework.</p><br>
<h2>Later structures</h2><br>
<p>Later structures, such as the comfort station or public toilet, was designed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs and was built by Civilian Conservation Corps labor.</p><br>
<p>Other structures, including bunk houses and mess halls were built in the Tuolumne Meadows Historic District at the same time to similar design standards. The original CCC mess hall, built in 1934, has become the Tuolumne Meadows Visitor Center.</p><br>
<p>Unnamed volcano , is a submarine volcano near the island Ibugos in the Philippines.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The volcano is located 5 km off Ibugos Island, at the southernmost end Batanes Islands, in the province of Batanes, in the Cagayan Valley Region, in the Philippines, within the Luzon Strait between Luzon and Taiwan.</p><br>
<h2>Physical features</h2><br>
<p>The volcano is a submarine volcano rising to within 24 m of the sea surface, 3.2 km due west of Dequey Volcano.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>Submarine eruptions reported in 1773, 1850, and 1854 are likely to have originated from this volcano. There have been no further reports since 1854.</p><br>
<h2>Listings</h2><br>
<p>The Global Volcanism Program lists it as an unnamed historically active volcano. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) lists 23 active volcanoes in the Philippines, but has not included this unnamed volcano, or any volcanic activity at this geographical location.</p><br>
<p>Volcanoes of the Philippines are all part of the Pacific ring of fire.</p><br>
<p>The Boulevard Diner is a historic diner at 155 Shrewsbury Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. It was built by Worcester Lunch Car Company in 1936 as #730. It is a well-preserved instance of a barrel-roof diner that the company made in significant numbers in the years before the Second World War, and the city&#39;s best-preserved 1930s diner. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Boulevard Diner is located on Worcester&#39;s east side, on the south side of Shrewsbury Street at its junction with Plum Street. Shrewsbury Street is a major artery running northeast from downtown Worcester to join Massachusetts Route 9. The diner is set on a brick foundation set close to the sidewalk, and has a utilitarian single-story brick kitchen attached to the rear. The diner is eight bays wide and four deep, with entrances at the sides, sheltered by the ends of the barrel roof. The eastern entrance is enclosed in a 1950s steel-and-glass enclosure, and the western entrance is accessed by an enclosed stair; both still have their original wooden doors. The diner is covered in yellow ceramic panels with red lettering reading "Boulevard Diner". The interior has had many of its features restored, including marble counters, tile floors, and appliance surrounds.</p><br>
<p>The diner was manufactured in 1936 by the Worcester Lunch Car Company as #730, and was owned by Frank Galanto, a prominent local owner of several diners, from its construction until 1969. At the time of its National Register listing in 2000, it had been owned since 1969 by members of the George family. The barrel-roof diner was one of the company&#39;s more common products.</p><br>
<p>St. Peters Catholic Church is a historic church building at 935 Main Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. Built in 1884, the church is one of the citys finest and most ornate examples of Gothic Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It is home to an active parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Worcester.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s is located on the south side of Main Street in southwestern Worcester, directly opposite the main Clark University campus. It is a red brick structure with granite trim and ornate Gothic Revival styling. It is basically rectangular, with a square tower projecting from the right front corner, and a central projecting section on the main facade. The tower has two narrow round-arch windows in the first three stages, this in the third (belfry) stage taller. It is topped by ornate crenellations and spires. The main facade has three entrances, one in the projecting section, and one each on either side. The central entrance, set in a round-arch opening, is under a gable-roofed projection, with a row of round-arch windows set pairwise in round-arch recesses. The flanking entrances are also set in round-arch openings, with circular rose windows on the second level.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Parish was established in 1884 to provide services to the burgeoning population of southwestern Worcester. Ground was broken on its construction that year, but it was not completed until 1893, the year in which it was formally dedicated. It was designed by architect Patrick W. Ford.</p><br>
<p>The South Unitarian Church is an historic church building at 888 Main Street in the Main South neighborhood of Worcester, Massachusetts. The Romanesque Revival building was designed by Earle & Fisher and was built by the Norcross Brothers in 1894 for the South Unitarian Society, established in 1890. The building is made of sandstone blocks, laid in courses alternating in width. The front  facade features a high pitched gable, with two rows of three windows, then a pair of windows topped by a large half-round window To the right is the church entrance, a smaller projecting gable section with a doorway recessed in a round archway, topped by three smaller windows. To the rear behind the entrance is a square tower with a partial half-round side tower.</p><br>
<p>On March 5, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as South Unitarian. At the time of its listing it housed an Armenian Apostolic congregation; it presently houses a Spanish Seventh Day Adventist Congregation.</p><br>
<p>The South Worcester Branch Library is a historic former library building at 705 Southbridge Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. The single story Classical Revival building was built in 1913 by Henry D. Whitfield with funds donated by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. The main facade consists of four windows, two on each side of a slightly projecting central entry pavilion. The building is set on a high basement, and granite stairs rise to the a doorway that is flanked by sidelights, then Doric pilasters, full height windows, and square cut columns with a center recessed section. The entry is topped by a decorative limestone panels. The walls are principally yellow brick, with limestone trim.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It served as a branch of the Worcester Public Library until it was closed in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Union Congregational Church or Chestnut Street Congregational Church is a historic Congregational church building at 5 Chestnut Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. The church is a well-preserved local example of Victorian Gothic Revival styling. Its basic appearance is reminiscent of the Notre Dame de Paris, although on a more modest scale. The building was designed by Earle & Fisher and construction took place between 1895 and 1897. Its main facade features twin towers flanking an entrance consisting of three trefoil arches, above which is a large rose window and an arched arcade connecting the two towers. The upper levels of the towers are open areas surrounded by paired narrow pointed-arch openings, and are decorated by crenellations and gargoyles. The main body of the church is covered in a slate roof , and the stained glass of some of its windows was brought over from the buildings of other church congregations which merged into the Union congregation.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>West Village is a historic district roughly bounded by Jefferson, Kercheval, Parker, and Seyburn Avenues in Detroit, Michigan. Adjacent to the west is the Islandview neighborhood, and adjacent to the east is Indian Village. The district received its name in the mid 20th century because of its location just west of the more well-known Indian Village Historic District. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>West Village is a primarily residential neighborhood containing 275 single and two-family houses, thirty apartment buildings, and about twenty commercial structures spread over 20 square blocks. The neighborhood is platted in an irregular grid, and includes a number of service alleys and short, narrow cross streets. Buildings are uniformly set back from the curb, and a great number of architectural styles are represented, including frame Queen Anne houses, and Tudor, Colonial Revival, and Mediterranean Revival houses as well as Georgian Revival and Jacobean apartment buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The areas adjacent to Jefferson Avenue were one of the most exclusive residential addresses in turn-of-the-century Detroit. When the area that is now West Village was platted around that time, the incorporation of restrictions regarding structure cost, use, setback, and height ensured that this area too would be popular. Between 1905 and 1925, the neighborhood rapidly filled with upper-middle-class homes, apartment buildings, and row houses. The neighborhood was home to a number of prominent Detroiters including Franz C. Kuhn, Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court, Edwin C. Denby, Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Hinchman, president of the architectural firm of Smith, Hinchman and Grylls, and sculptor Julius Melchers. As in many Detroit neighborhoods, the racial tensions and white exodus to the suburbs following World War II led to a decline of the neighborhood. However, the resurgence of nearby Indian Village in the 1970s created a resurgence in interest in the neighborhood. The West Village Association, a neighborhood association, was formed in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Shaarai Torah Synagogue  is an historic synagogue building at 32 Providence Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. Worcesters first Modern Orthodox "shul" , Shaarai Torah was considered the citys "Mother Synagogue" for many years.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>The congregation, which was incorporated on January 1, 1904, held daily worship services for two years in a cottage they had purchased at 32 Providence Street in the heart of Worcester&#39;s east side Union Hill neighborhood, where most Jewish immigrants to Worcester lived. High Holiday services in 1904 and 1905 were held at A.O.H. (Ancient Order of Hibernians) Hall at 26 Trumbull Street while the present structure was being built. At a final cost of $30,000 ($ in current dollar terms), the new building, designed by Edwin T. Chapin in a Classical Revival style, and modeled after Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun in New York City, opened on September 14, 1906.</p><br>
<h2>Merger</h2><br>
<h2>West Side branch</h2><br>
<h2>Final days</h2><br>
<p>The Providence Street building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. The synagogue stopped functioning in 1996 and finally closed shortly after a devastating arson fire in 1999. Once one of at least 12 neighborhood Orthodox synagogues, when it closed Shaarai Torah was the last remaining functioning synagogue on the east side of Worcester. The building had been sold in 1997 to Al Tapper, a Worcester native and philanthropist who had plans to turn it into a Jewish museum or multi-ethnic community center, but those plans were scrapped after the fire. Tapper was able to get the developer to agree to keep the Hebrew inscriptions on the facade of the building intact.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>Abandoned and in disrepair, the synagogue was added to the Worcester Preservation Society&#39;s list of endangered properties. In 2003, the building was finally sold to developer Selim LaHoud who hired Kopec Contracting to convert it into 13 apartments known as Red Oak Condominiums.</p><br>
<h2>Prominent alumni and members</h2><br>
<p>S. N. Behrman, playwright and screenwriter</p><br>
<p>Charles Tobias, lyricist and inductee of the Songwriters Hall of Fame</p><br>
<p>Harry Tobias, songwriter and inductee of the Songwriters Hall of Fame</p><br>
<h2>East Side Synagogue history</h2><br>
<p>St. Mark&#39;s Episcopal Church is an historic Episcopal church building at 6 Freeland Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. The Romanesque Revival stone building was designed by local architect Stephen C. Earle, and built in 1888 for a congregation established the preceding year. On March 5, 1980, the church building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as St. Marks. The current minister is Rev. Donald F. Chamberlain.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>St. Mark&#39;s is located in southwester Worcester, on the west side of Freeland Street, just south of Main Street and southwest of Clark University. It is a two story masonry structure, built of broken-coursed rusticated sandstone. It presents a side-gable roof to the street, with the main entrance recessed at the center under a large round-arch opening. Its principal decorative elements are panels with round medallions on either side of the arch over the recessed entrance, and the irregular placement of the windows. The front of the building houses the parish house, while the sanctuary is located in a cross-gabled extension to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The parish of St. Marks was established as a mission in 1886 by Rev. William Huntington of All Saints Episcopal Church, the citys first Episcopal congregation, and held its first services in 1887 in a nearby Baptist church, while this building was under construction. It was completed in 1888 to a design by local architect Stephen C. Earle. Prominent early congregants included James and Orlando Norcross, principals of the Norcross Brothers construction firm.</p><br>
<p>The Quinsigamond Branch Library, now part of the Quinsigamond Elementary School. is an historic school building and former library at 14 Blackstone River Road in Worcester, Massachusetts. The building was originally built as a Carnegie Library in 1913 with funds donated by Andrew Carnegie, who was present to lay the cornerstone that year. It as since been converted into part of the Quingisamond Elementary School. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Quinsigamond Branch Library building stands at the southwest corner of Blackstone River Road and Stebbins Street. It is a single story masonry structure, built out of red brick with limestone trim. Its main facade faces east, and is symmetrically arranged, with a central projecting entry pavilion flanked by groups of three windows. The entry is sheltered by a shallow porch that projects from the pavilion, supported by round Ionic columns. The flanking window groups consist of casement windows with decorative transoms above. The roof is flat, but is obscured by a parapet with limestone coping. The building is now joined to the adjacent elementary school building.</p><br>
<p>The library was one of three built in the city that were funded in part by a grant from Andrew Carnegie. Before its branch libraries were built, residents in outer neighborhoods had to either travel to the central library on Elm Street, or use neighborhood pickup points. The land on which it stands was donated by the American Steel and Wire Company. The architects were the Fuller & Delano Company of Worcester. The library was closed (along with all the other branches) in 1990. It was thereafter joined to the school, and now houses its cafeteria.</p><br>
<p>The Adriatic Mills was a historic industrial complex on Armory Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1854 Eli Thayer  constructed a stone industrial building known as the Lower Junction Shop, He constructed the mill with stone chips taken from Oread Hill in Worcester. The fine stone was mixed with a mortar forming a concrete. Wooden frames were mounted and the concrete was poured in and allowed to harden - no masonry being employed in raising the walls. The original building was 400 ft long. 40 ft wide and 2 stories high. Mr. Thayer then sold his interest in the building to Charles White and J.P. Southgate. Afterwards, it came into possession of Benjamin F. Joslyn, an arms manufacturer. He manufactured the Joslyn rifle, the first breech-loading rifle, on these premises before selling them in 1863 to the Jordan Marsh Company. Jordan Marsh expanded and repurposed the premises for the production of textiles, and gave the complex the name "Adriatic Mills". It continued to be used for textile production into the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, at which time it was being used as a foundry by the Chromalloy Corporation. It has since been demolished (c. 2009) to make way for redevelopment.</p><br>
<p>The Albert Ridyard Three-Decker is a historic triple decker at 5 Mount Pleasant Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. Built in 1914, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 for its exterior Colonial Revival styling, most of which has since been removed or covered over .</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Albert Ridyard Three-Decker is located south of downtown Worcester, in the city&#39;s Main South neighborhood. It is set on the southeast side of Mount Pleasant Street, a short residential road just off Main Street. It is a three-story wood-frame building, covered by a low-pitch hip roof. Its front facade is divided into two sections: the right section has a projecting polygonal bay rising through all three floors, and the left section has the main building entrance on the ground floor. The roof extends to the edge of the projecting bay, creating a deep overhang on the left side, supported by a large brace. The exterior has been clad in vinyl or aluminum siding.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s original appearance, and the reason for its listing on the National Register, included porches on the left section, with Tuscan columns for support. The main roof line was adorned with modillion blocks, and the walls were finished in wooden clapboards, with bands of shinglework between the floors.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1914, during a period of residential expansion on Worcester&#39;s south side. All of its early owners were absentee, some of them owning as many as twenty residential properties in the city. Albert Ridyard, the first owner, is listed in census records as a plumber, and was one such owner. Early tenants included skilled workmen such as mechanics, as well as owners of area small businesses.</p><br>
<p>The Aldus Chapin Higgins House is an historic house at 1 John Wing Road, on the campus of Worcester Polytechnic Institute , in Worcester, Massachusetts. The 2.5 story house was designed by Grosvenor Atterbury, although Aldus Chapin Higgins, the owner, had likely made sketches and other design notes for some years before hiring Atterbury. The house, whose exterior is faced in stucco, brick, and stone, is in the Tudor Revival style, and contains antique building materials imported from Europe. Among these are some of its leaded glass windows, and a fireplace mantel that came from an Italian monastery. Aldus Higgins was the son of Milton Prince Higgins, a local industrialist, and a graduate of WPI.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Court House Hill–Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located in Lynchburg, Virginia. The area is situated on a promontory overlooking the Lower Basin Historic District on the south bank of the James River. The approximately 50 acre district is composed of relatively intact city blocks of religious, commercial, residential, and governmental buildings and structures ranging in date from the early 19th century to the mid-20th century. Buildings in the district represent a variety of styles from the different periods, including the Federal, Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, Neoclassical, Italian Renaissance, Spanish Eclectic, Craftsman, and Art Deco styles.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 and expanded in 2002 to also include the area between Madison and Harrison Streets and 5th and 7th Streets.</p><br>
<p>Some of the more notable contributing resources to this historic district include:</p><br>
<p>The Corner Lunch Diner is a historic diner at 133 Lamartine Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. Built c. 1955 and moved to Worcester in 1968, it is the largest diner in the city, and a rare example in New England of remodeling work done by the Musi Dining Car Company of Carteret, New Jersey. The diner was built c. 1955 by DeRaffele Diners of New Rochelle, New York, and first installed in Babylon, New York. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Corner Lunch is located in southern Worcester, at the corner of Lamartine and Lafayette Streets, just east of Quinsigamond Avenue. It is a single-story sectional steel frame structure, whose exterior is clad in steel with green enamel bands. It is nine bays wide and five deep, with a rounded section at its southeast corner. An entrance vestibule projects from the front facade, with green panels set in steel framing. The interior has a replacement plastic laminate counter, with a central staff access section, and fifteen counter seats mounted on steel columns. Booths line the front wall, and there is banquette seating along the south side.</p><br>
<p>The diner was built about 1955 by the DeRaffele Diner Company of New Rochelle, New York, and was first located in Babylon, New York. In 1968, the diner was moved to Worcester and reassembled on this lot. The constraints of the lot required alterations to the original structure, which were carried out by the Musi Dining Car Company. The site had previously held The Corner Spa, a lunchroom and store, that was later known as the Corner Lunch and operated by Demetrious Efstathiou. Efstathiou continued to operate the diner under the same name after it was moved here.</p><br>
<p>Emmanuel Baptist or the Main Street Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church building at 717 Main Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. It is the only example of Norman Style architecture in the city. The brick church was built in two parts: the chapel was built in 1853, and the main church body was built in 1855. The elements characteristic of this particular style include recessed wall paneling, the corbelled roofline, buttresses, and the recessed entry framed by an arch. The church was built for the Third Baptist congregation, which merged with the First Baptists in 1902, at which time the building was sold to the First Presbyterian Church of Worcester.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Hope Cemetery is an historic rural cemetery at 119 Webster Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. Established in 1854, it was the city&#39;s sixth public cemetery, and is the burial site of remains originally interred at its first five cemeteries. Its landscaping and funerary art are examplars of the rural cemetery movement, and the cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. The cemetery occupies 168 acre.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Hope Cemetery is located in far southern Worcester, atop a rise known as Webster Hill, which has commanding views to the north and east, including the campuses of Clark University and Holy Cross College. The cemetery was laid out, probably by a landscape designer (although none has been identified), in the rural cemetery style, with winding lanes that take advantage of the terrain. It also includes horticultural plantings of note, another hallmark of the rural cemetery style, including several distinguished specimens of beech, Norway maple, sugar maple, cedar, ash, and oak trees.</p><br>
<p>Worcesters first burying ground was located at Thomas and Summer Streets, and was established in 1713, and had seventeen graves marked by stone mounds, and the second burying ground, located on the Worcester Common, had more than 100 burials, all of which were relocated here in the 20th century. The third burying ground, Raccoon Plain, was a small cemetery with sixteen burials, all of which were reinterred here in 1857. The fourth burying ground, at Mechanic Street, had more than 1000 burials, which were moved here in 1878-79. The Pine Meadow Burying Grounds 658 interments were relocated here between 1862 and 1878.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Elizabeth Bishop, poet</p><br>
<p>Loring Coes, inventor of the Monkey wrench</p><br>
<p>Abby Kelley Foster, 19th century social reformer and feminist</p><br>
<p>Stephen Symonds Foster, radical abolitionist</p><br>
<p>Robert Goddard, rocket innovator</p><br>
<p>John Bartholomew Gough, temperance lecturer</p><br>
<p>Charles H. Pinkham, Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>Thomas Plunkett, Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>Capt. Peter Slater, youngest participant in the Boston Tea Party, site of the only memorial to the Boston Tea Party (Dec 16, 1773), fought in the American Revolution with the Continental Army</p><br>
<p>Eli Thayer Congressman</p><br>
<p>Webster Thayer trial judge in the Sacco and Vanzetti case</p><br>
<p>The Holy Name of Jesus Complex is an historic religious complex on Illinois Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. It consists of four main buildings, a church, rectory, convent, and school. It was the third Roman Catholic parish established in the city to serve its French Canadian population, and was a significant work of a Canadian-born Worcester architect, O. E. Nault. One of the Founders of the Church was Noel Biron. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The first building of the complex to be completed was the school, begun in 1893 and dedicated in 1898. It is a three story brick building, with projecting entry bays at its ends. It underwent some alterations in 1926, but its Romanesque Revival styling is still evident in the round entry arch and other details. The church, although it was also begun in 1893, was not finished until 1916. It is also a brick structure, with granite trim elements providing contrasting details. The church facade is flanked by a pair of buttressed towers, which have been topped by parapets. Windows and doorways on various elevations are in characteristic Romanesque round arch forms.</p><br>
<p>The Convent of St. Anne was built 1922-24, and is a three story brick Georgian Revival structure. It has a hip roof above an elaborately detailed Classical cornice, and its entrance is sheltered by a barrel-roofed portico. The rectory was also begun in 1922, and completed in 1928. It is a two story brick building also in Georgian Revival styling, with a Classical frieze and cornice, and porches sporting Ionic columns.</p><br>
<p>The Worcester Masonic Temple is a historic Masonic temple Located at 1 Ionic Avenue in downtown Worcester, Massachusetts. Construction on the temple began on September 12, 1913 with the laying of the cornersone. The building was finished and dedicated on September 3, 1914 by the then Grand Master, Most Worshipful Melvin M. Johnson.</p><br>
<p>The building is an excellent instance of a Classical Revival building. The three story buildings&#39;s main facade is defined by eight Ionic columns (which supposedly gave Ionic Avenue its name), four on each side of central entry that is topped by a stone pedimented entablature. The spaces between the other columns are filled by windows topped by rounded arches. The interior of the building features a drill hall and banquet hall on the ground floor, a "Grecian" chamber on the second level, and an "Egyptian" chamber on the third, as well as housing a Gothic chapel.</p><br>
<p>The temple was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It continues to be used by Masonic lodges.</p><br>
<h2>Organizations</h2><br>
<p>Quinsigamond Lodge A.F. & A.M., founded in 1870</p><br>
<p>Other organizations using the facilities:</p><br>
<p>The York Rite Bodies of Worcester</p><br>
<p>Thistle Lodge #2 of the Daughters of Scotia</p><br>
<p>The Miss Worcester Diner or Worcester Lunch Car # 812 is a historic diner at 302 Southbridge Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. It was built in 1948 by Worcester Lunch Car Company and is located across the street from the company&#39;s  Worcester factory. While independently owned and operated, it was used by the Lunch Car Company as a "showroom" diner, and a testbed for new features.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to Worcester city records, a diner was operating on the site since at least the late 1930s, although they did not bear the "Miss Worcester" name. In 1948 the Worcester Lunch Car Company manufactured diner #812 for Dino Soteropoulos, delivering it on June 14. However, he is listed as operating the "Star Diner" in 1949, only taking the name "Miss Worcester" in 1950. He and family partners ran the business until 1963, after which it has had a succession of owners.</p><br>
<p>The diner sits on a small portion of a larger parcel, most of which is occupied by a c. 1870 brick textile mill building. Directly across Quinsigamond Avenue is the factory in which the diner was built. The diner body is seven bays wide and three deep, and is attached to a concrete block kitchen addition that was built c. 1948. The diner has the classic barrel-shaped roof, with canopies extending over the entrances, which are on the short ends of the structure. The walls are paneled in enamel that is yellow with light blue trim.</p><br>
<p>Inside the diner, there is a marble counter extending most of the length of the diner, excepting staff access points at the ends. Customers sit at fourteen metal stools with red details. There are five booths lining the south (front) wall, but these are plywood laminate replacements. In contrast to the lighter colors on the exterior, the interior color scheme is darker, with wood tones and dark red coloring accented by cream and steel.</p><br>
<p>The diner was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Mission Chapel is an historic church at 205 Summer Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. A rare example of the early Victorian Norman  styling, it was built by Ichabod Washburn in 1854, and is one of the citys oldest church buildings. The exterior side walls are divided into bays separated by piers which rise to a layer of corbelling, with a second layer of corbelling just below the eave. The main facade is divided into three bays, with arched windows in the gable. The Evangelical City Missionary Society, for whom the chapel was built, was established by a group of local Protestant congregations as a missionary site for serving the citys poor and needy. The building was rented out for commercial purposes during the mid-20th century, but has otherwise been used for religious and missionary purposes.</p><br>
<p>The chapel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Chadwick Square Diner or Worcester Lunch Car Company Diner #660 or Ralph&#39;s Chadwick Square Diner is an historic diner at 95 Prescott Street  in Worcester, Massachusetts. Although the building faces Grove Street, it is attached to one of the 19th century Washburn and Moen Works buildings which fronts on Prescott Street. The diner is a rare early version of a streetcar-inspired design, and may be the only one of its type in the state. It is 40 ft long and 14 ft deep, with twelve window bays. It has a monitor-style roof with clerestory windows, and entrances at the ends under roof overhangs. The northern entrance now serves as an emergency exit, while the south entrance now serves as the main entrance to the nightclub in the attached building. The interior is exceptionally well-preserved, retaining many of its original finishes.</p><br>
<p>The diner was built by Worcester Lunch Car Company in 1930 for Robert and Mamie Gilhooly of Worcester, who operated it at 414 Grove Street. The neon "G" on the front of the diner stands for Gilhooly. It was first located in the Chadwick Square section of Worcester and was a popular place.</p><br>
<p>Robert Gilhooly died in 1955, after which the diner was purchased by his cousin Mary Ryan Clingen and her husband James Clingen of Cherry Valley. It was then moved near to the Worcester-Leicester line, and was operated at 1546 Main Street by their son-in-law and daughter, Ralph and Eileen Dryden.</p><br>
<p>The diner was later sold to Ralph Moberly and moved to its present location in 1979. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Southbridge-Sargent Manufacturing District encompasses a collection of three 19th-century factory buildings near a historically important railroad junction in southern Worcester, Massachusetts. They were built near the intersection of Sargent and Gold Streets, just south of Southbridge Street. The location is close to a junction of three major railroads: the Boston and Albany, the Norwich and Worcester, and the New York, New Haven, and Hartford. The area was once a major industrial part of the city, but has lost many of its historic factory buildings in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The most significant building in the district is the former Sargent Card-Clothing Factory, 300 Southbridge Street. This Second Empire three story brick structure, built in 1866, is one of the oldest surviving factory buildings in the city. It was built for the Sargent brothers, leading manufacturers of card making machinery, and is built to a plan that was used, with some modifications, for later purpose-built factory buildings in the city.</p><br>
<p>The Rice and Griffin Factory at 5 Sargent Street was built c. 1890. It was originally three stories with a pitched gable roof, but the roof was removed and a fourth floor added. Rice and Griffin was founded in 1866, and was listed at that address from 1872 until 1905. The companys principal business was the production of architectural building parts, and it is probable that their products decorated a significant number of Worcesters Victorian houses.</p><br>
<p>The third factory, at 125 Gold Street, was built c. 1892 for the Whitcomb Manufacturing Company. It is a utilitarian two story brick building. The company began operations in space rented at 5 Sargent Street before building these premises. The company produced metalworking machinery, including planers, shearing and punching tools.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Frances Perkins Branch Library, formerly known as the Greendale Branch Library, is a branch library in the public library system of Worcester, Massachusetts. It is located at 470 West Boylston Street, in an architecturally distinguished building, funded in part by Andrew Carnegie and built in 1913. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The library is located on Worcester north side, and is set on the east side of West Boylston Street (Massachusetts Route 12), on the corner of Kendrick Avenue. It is a single story masonry structure, finished in brick with limestone trim. It has a tile hipped roof with modillioned eave. Its main facade has a projecting central pavilion in which the main entrance is set, flanked by Corinthian pilasters and topped by a semicircular pediment.</p><br>
<p>Worcester&#39;s public library was established in 1859, begun with donated collections and initially stored in a central library on Elm Street. In 1895 the city established a delivery point for books at a shop in the Greendale area, an idea that was expanded to other areas after it met with success. After a drive began in 1908 to establish branch libraries, the city received a gift of $75,000 from the steel baron and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, which was used in the construction of three branches, including this one. It was designed by Lucius W. Briggs, of the L. W. Briggs Company, and was completed in 1913. The branch was renamed in 1994 in honor of Frances Perkins, the first female member of the United States Cabinet.</p><br>
<p>Stevens Building is an historic commercial building at 24-44 Southbridge Street in downtown Worcester, Massachusetts. It is one of the citys most imposing mid-19th century buildings. The brick building is four stories for most of its length on Southbridge Street, and also presents a finished facade to Burnside Court. The central portion rises to a full five stories with a flat roof, while the north and south sections are four floors with a low pitch roof. The oldest portion of the building was the central portion, built sometime in the 1850s. The Stevens Brothers, manufacturers of wooden architectural building parts, purchased this building c. 1867, extended it northward to Burnside Court, and used it as factory space. By 1870 they had bought the land south of the building, and erected as a freestanding building seven bays of the present building. The two buildings were then joined together later in the 1870s. The fifth floor of the central section was probably added after a fire in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Toro Negro State Forest  is one of the 21 forests that make up the public forests system in Puerto Rico. Cerro Jayuya and Cerro Rosa, the three highest peaks in the island. Nested among these mountains is Lake Guineo, the island&#39;s highest lake. The forest has 18 km of trails, an observation tower, two natural swimming pools , camping and picnic areas, nine rivers, and numerous creeks and waterfalls. The forest spans areas within the municipalities of Ponce, Jayuya, Orocovis, Ciales, and Juana Díaz, and consists of seven non-contiguous tracts of land.</p><br>
<p>When created in 1935 as part of the Caribbean National Forest, the Toro Negro Forest Reserve was managed by the United States government, first via the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration of the Department of the Interior (1935–1942) and later through the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture (1942–1970). Then, in 1970, the Federal Government exchanged with the Government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico the Toro Negro section of the Caribbean National Forest for some forested lands belonging to the Commonwealth and located adjacent to the much larger federal lands at Luquillo National Forest resulting in the creation at Luquillo of the current El Yunque National Forest. In 1970, the Government of Puerto Rico&#39;s Departmento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (DRNA) opened the Toro Negro Forest Reserve as a Commonwealth state forest and renamed it Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro (Toro Negro State Forest).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1876, Spanish King Alfonso XII of Spain issued the first proclamation for the creation of forest reserves in Puerto Rico. The land where Toro Negro sits was originally used for coffee plantations until the 1930s when a program of reforestation was commenced.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, those lands were acquired by the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (PRRA). In 1935, 1,900 acre of private lands were purchased by the PRRA. The forest was not a separate entity at the time; it was part of the Caribbean National Forest, and was administered by the USA Forest Service as the Toro Negro Division of the Caribbean National Forest. Additional lands brought the total size of the Toro Negro purchase that year to 6,620 acre, and at least an additional 1,385 acre were in the process of being acquired in 1936. Between 1934 and 1945 over 3 million seedlings and approximately 19,000 pounds of seeds were sown on 1,856 acre of the forest. Twenty-eight species were planted in twenty-nine different plantations. In 1942, the US Department of the Interior transferred the forest to the United States Department of Agriculture. From 1942 to 1961, it was administered by the US Forest Service. During these years, the USA Department of Agriculture continued its acquisition of lands increasing the acreage of Toro Negro.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, Toro Negro was transferred to the Government of Puerto Rico. The transfer was finalized on 21 May 1962, when the 6,817 cda of land that constituted the Toro Negro Unit of the Caribbean National Forest were signed away to the Government of Puerto Rico by the Federal Government. Of these 6,817 cda, 1,996 cda were exchanged for 1,614 cda located adjacent to the Luquillo Unit of the Caribbean National Forest. The remaining 4,821 cda were ceded to Puerto Ricos Department of Agriculture for forestry purposes. This resulted in the Toro Negro State Forest. Since 1962, approximately 120 cuerdas have been planted to eucalyptus, mahoe, kadam and Honduran pine. In 1962, Toro Negro had 6,817 cda, representing 11.32% of Puerto Ricos state forests. In 1962 the Area Recreacional Doña Juana was added to Toro Negro. In April 1970, a land exchange which included the Puerto Rico Department of Agriculture purchase and transfer of 1,677 acre forest lands adjacent to Luquillo Experimental Forest in exchange for the complete transfer of Toro Negro forest lands to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.</p><br>
<p>The lower elevations of Toro Negro used to be important coffee-producing plantations, however, the entire forest is especially critical for water and soil conservation. Today, the amount of tree foliage coverage in the forest ranges from 81% in the moist forest zone to 99% in the lower montane wet forest zone. The forest was named for the Río Toro Negro, one of nine rivers that flow out of the forest, and the name of one of the barrios in the Ciales portion of the forest.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area</h2><br>
<p>Toro Negro is a protected area under the law. The forest has a protected status of "IV" ("Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources") according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) convention. Ecological protection is managed and enforced by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources.</p><br>
<p>Through the parcelero (from the Spanish root for "parcel", or land lot) program, people who were living in the lands being incorporated into the reserve during the federal government land acquisitions of 1935 were allowed to stay in their places when forest protection went into effect.</p><br>
<p>In January 1999, a bill in the Puerto Rico House of Representatives sought to increase the size of the protected area by unifying the Toro Negro, Guilarte, and Pueblo de Adjuntas State Forests. In a March 2008 study by its International Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF), the USA Department of Agriculture classified Toro Negro State Forest as a Commonwealth of Puerto Rico forest of "Status 2", s status it defines as "an area having permanent protection from conversion of natural land cover and a mandated management plan in operation to maintain a primarily natural state, but which may receive use or management practices that degrade the quality of existing natural communities." As of 2013, there were ongoing governmental initiatives in place to acquire, from private owners, additional lands adjacent to the Toro Negro State Forest to increase the protected area of the forest as well as to create a wildlife forest corridor that would join Toro Negro with the nearby Tres Picachos and Guilarte state forests through plans such as the federal Forest Legacy Areas initiative.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Toro Negro is located in the central mountainous region of Puerto Rico and it has a total area of 8,203.6977 cda. It is located in remote areas of the Cordillera Central mountain range. The forest office is at km. 32.4 of Route PR-143, east of the intersection with Route PR-149. The forest distribution encompasses a range from 18°0730” N and 18°1500” N to 66°3000” W and 66°3730” W. The forest rangers office and visitors area are located on Puerto Rico Highway 143 Km 32.4 in Barrio Ala de la Piedra, Orocovis at 18.17342°N, 66.49231°W (18&deg;10&prime;24.312&Prime;N latitude, 66&deg;29&prime;32.316&Prime;W longitude). The largest sections of the forest are located in the municipalities of Ponce and Jayuya, both of which are municipalities in the Puerto Rico Tourism Company&#39;s Porta Caribe tourism zone. Cerro de Punta 1,338 m, the highest peak in Puerto Rico, is located in the western section of the forest and the lowest elevation is found at the south edge of the forest near Salto de Inabón (Inabón Falls), an altitude of approximately 440 m.</p><br>
<h2>Forest types</h2><br>
<p>Four vegetation associations have been delineated in two bioclimatic life zones. The two climatic biome zones are: the subtropical moist forest life zone (31% of the forest) and the lower mountain wet forest life zone (the remaining 69% of the forest). The topography is accentuated by a large number of steep slopes and high waterfalls. Toro Negro subforests are catalogued on the basis of their elevation and content. From Cerro Maravilla, one of the tallest peaks in the forest, four of Puerto Rico&#39;s distinct forest types can be seen: Bosque Tabonuco, Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia, Bosque Sierra de Palmas, and Bosque enano.</p><br>
<h3>Bosque Tabonuco forest</h3><br>
<p>At the lower elevations of the forest (below 2,000 feet above sea level) stands the Bosque Tabonuco forest which is dominated by the majestic Tabonuco tree (Dacryodes excelsa) that can reach up to 100 feet and grows primarily in protected sites at low elevations. The Tabonuco forest has many of the characteristics for which tropical rain forests are noted. The forest canopy has three levels: an upper level that may be as much as 35% Tabonuco, a lower canopy, and an under story. The second most prominent tree in this forest type, the Montillo (Sloanea berteroana), has large buttress roots, typical of many rain forest trees. Such roots help support the heavy canopy of large trees growing in very wet soil. The forest floor is only scarcely vegetated, but the forest canopy is rich with aerial plants: bromeliads, orchids, vines, and arboreal ferns. The tabonuco type dominates in the subtropical wet life zone.</p><br>
<h3>Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia forest</h3><br>
<p>Above 2,000 feet is the Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia forest. Tree height in the Micropholis Buchenavia forest is less than 50 feet, and the layers of the forest canopy are less distinct than in the Tabonuco type. Micropholis and Buchenavia (Granadillo) are the dominant species in this lower montane zonal vegetation association.</p><br>
<h3>Sierra de Palmas forest</h3><br>
<p>At about the same elevation as the Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia forest (above 2,000 feet), but on very steep slopes, are the Sierra de Palmas forests dominated by the sierra palm (Prestoea montana). Sometimes called palm-breaker, this forest type may reach 50 feet in height. The Sierra de Palmas covers the largest area of all forest types in Toro Negro. The palm forest is distinguishable at a great distance by the form and size of leaves and by the general pale green color of the foliage. Below 650 m elevation the palms appear as scattered elements; however at higher elevations the sierra palm becomes a dominant species over a large area. The trunk of the sierra palm is straight, erect, cylindrical and attains heights of 10-15 m. The pinnate leaves are mostly 2.0-2.5 m long and cast a dense shade on the ground. The palm forest, nearly always a single species dominant is normally open and free from undergrowth of any kind. The globose fruits are somewhat more than one centimeter in diameter and produced in great abundance.</p><br>
<h3>Bosque Enano forest</h3><br>
<p>At the highest elevations, near the top of Cerro de Punta, Cerro Maravilla and similar peaks, grows the Bosque enano forest, also known as dwarf forest, cloud forest, elfin forest and moss forest. This forest type is composed of very dense stands of small, stunted trees and shrubs. The cloud forest has many of the same tree species as the Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia forest, but growth is limited by adverse climate—heavy rain, strong winds, and almost constant cloud cover.</p><br>
<p>The dwarf or cloud forest developed in the higher peaks of the Central Cordillera is quite different in general appearance from the cloud forest of Sierra Luquillo Mountains due to the less rigorous environment in Toro Negro. The physical effect of the wind is much reduced; the shrubs are neither bent nor shorn to an even surface, but are essentially erect and their crowns are rounded and uneven in outline. The mosses are reduced to a thin mantle on the more sheltered trunks and are absent in many places, while the great mats of Selaginella are completely lacking.</p><br>
<p>In the Toro Negro forest, only the most inaccessible mountain tops have never been cleared. Most of the lower areas are subject to the familiar routine of logging, clearing, burning, and grazing or semi-permanent cultivation. Most of the forest lands in Toro Negro rise above the upper limit of successful coffee cultivation.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Toro Negro State Forest has both deep soils and surface soils. Deep soils are derived from volcanic igneous rock, fine-grained. These contain high amounts of permeable clay, low amounts of sand, silt, and high amounts of iron and aluminum, but little silica. The surface soils are acidic and brittle while the subsoil is acidic and heavy, but permeable. Its hills are mostly steep. Usually the top soil is lost by erosion.</p><br>
<p>There are nine rivers that flow south (Río Indalecia, Río Guayo, Río Inabón, Río Blanco, Río Anón and Río Prieto), and three that flow north (Río Saliente, Río Toro Negro, and Río Matrullas) from the forest. The Matrullas and Guineo reservoirs are also part of the forest. Río Toro Negro - after which the forest is named - separates the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis; it also forms Lago El Guineo. The forest&#39;s other lake, Lago Matrullas, is accessible via Puerto Rico Highway 564, which can be accessed via PR-143, in the municipality of Orocovis.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>Toro Negro has four vegetation associations catalogued into two subtropical moist life zones: The first is a Subtropical Moist Zone (Zona Muy Húmeda Subtropical) and consists of the Tabonuco forest (Bosque de Tabonuco). The second is the Lower Mountain Wet Zone (Zona Muy Húmeda Montaña Abajo). This zone consists of three sub forests: the Micropholis Buchenavia forest (Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia), the Mountain Palm forest (Bosque de Palma de Sierra), and the Dwarf forest (Bosque Enano).</p><br>
<p>E. L. Little and F. H. Wadsworth reported a total of 160 tree species distributed amongst 53 families. The largest families are: Melastomaceae (16 species), Lauraceae (11 species) and Myrtaceae (10 species).</p><br>
<p>Ferns and orchids are abundant. Forty of the species found in this forest are endemic to Puerto Rico and thirteen are introduced species. The fern Thelypteris inabonensis, endemic to this forest and found only at the headwaters of Rio Inabon and at the Toro Negro&#39;s Cerro Rosa in Ciales, has been identified by the USA Fish and Wildlife Service as an endangered species.</p><br>
<p>Some of the more common trees are: tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa), ausubo (Manilkara bidentata), jagüilla (Magnolia portoricensis), nuez moscada (Ocotea moschata), granadillo (Buchenavia capitata), maga (Montezuma speciosissima), higüerillo (Vitex divaricata), almedrón (Prunus occidentalis) and jácana (Pouteria multiflora). In addition Palmas de sierra (Prestoea montana) and helechos arbóreos (Cyathea Sp.) are very abundant. Some of the species that were introduced to this forest are mahoe (Hibiscus elatus Sw.), caoba hondureña (Swietenia macrophylla), pino hondureño (Pinus caribaea), eucalipto (Eucalyptus robusta) and kadam (Anthocephalus chinensis).</p><br>
<p>Ilex cookii, commonly known as Cook&#39;s Holly or te, is a small evergreen holly shrub known to exist only in the Toro Negro State Forest and only in extremely limited amounts. It is listed as a critically endangered species by the IUCN and protected by law.</p><br>
<p>Between 1935 and 1943, 28 species of trees were planted in Toro Negro. Their plantings (either via seeding or via planting of saplings) consisted of both native and exotic species. Nineteen native species were planted as follows (the quantity planted/seeded is shown after the species; and X means experimental planting only):</p><br>
<p>Buchenavia tetraphylla, 200</p><br>
<p>Ocotea spathulata, 1,000</p><br>
<p>Calophyllum calaba, 52,990</p><br>
<p>Petitia domingensis, 9,200</p><br>
<p>Cedrela odorata, 499,526</p><br>
<p>Podocarpus coreacius, X</p><br>
<p>Cordia alliodora, 553,892</p><br>
<p>Pouteria multiflora, 2,963,736</p><br>
<p>Dacryodes excelsa, 22,375</p><br>
<p>Prunus occidentales, X</p><br>
<p>Eugenia stahlii, 6,500</p><br>
<p>Sideroxylon foetidissimum, 2,098</p><br>
<p>Guarea guidonia, 109,351</p><br>
<p>Tabebuia heterophylla, 12,400</p><br>
<p>Hymenaea courbaril, 14</p><br>
<p>Thespesia grandiflora, 141,885</p><br>
<p>Manilkara bidentata, 3,500</p><br>
<p>Vitex divaricada, 195,874</p><br>
<p>Ocotea moschata, 71,131</p><br>
<p>The nine exotic species were:</p><br>
<p>Bambusa vulgaris, 2,350</p><br>
<p>Pinus caribaea, X</p><br>
<p>Cupressus lusitanica, X</p><br>
<p>Swietenia macrophylla, 764,436</p><br>
<p>Eucalyptus spp., 158,910</p><br>
<p>Swietenia mahagoni, 35443</p><br>
<p>Fraxinus uhdei, X</p><br>
<p>Tectona grandis, 850</p><br>
<p>Hibiscus elatus, X</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>There are 30 species of birds reported, including 6 endemic species and two that are endangered: the Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk (Vernacular Spanish: Falcón de sierra; Taxonomy: Accipiter striatus venator) and Puerto Rican broad-winged hawk (Vernacular Spanish: Guaragüao de bosque; Taxonomy: Buteo platypterus brunnescens). The Puerto Rican parrot (Vernacular Spanish: Cotorra puertorriqueña; Taxonomy: Amazona vittata), a critically endangered species, has also been seen in this forest.</p><br>
<p>Recent studies have identified eight species of bats. They are most visible at dusk as this is when these nocturnal critters are out foraging for food, primarily mosquitoes. The 13 species of bats living in the forest play an important ecological role in controlling mosquitoes, which not only carry diseases but also harass hikers. The three most prevalent bat species are the greater bulldog bat, Antillean ghost-faced bat and the sooty mustached bat.</p><br>
<p>There are 20 species of reptiles and amphibians and, with the exception of Bufo marinus (Spanish: Sapo común), all are endemic. Reptiles include the Lagarto verde (Anolis cuvieri), lagartijo pigmeo (Anolis occultus), and boa de Puerto Rico (Epicrates inornatus), which is in danger of extinction; amphibians include the siguana (Ameiva exsul) and the culebra ciega (Amphisbaena caeca). Amphibians include coquí común (Eleutherodactylus coqui) and the coquí de la montaña (Eleutherodactylus portoricensis), a species denominated as vulnerable under Puerto Rico Law 6766. The Small Asian mongoose (Vernacular Spanish: Mangosta pequeña asiática; Taxonomy: Herpestes javanicus), has also been spotted inhabiting this forest.</p><br>
<p>Toro Negro State Forest is home to 11 species of snakes, all non-venomous to humans. The Puerto Rican boa (Epicrates inornatus) grows to 6-7 feet in length and weighs about 2 lbs. It is a heavy-bodied snake with tan to dark brown body color and dark blotches down its back. It will defend itself with a bite, but kills its prey by suffocation. It is a protected species due to over-harvesting to collect oil and skins. It is nocturnal and prefers to remain under cover during the day and hunt at night. The Puerto Rican racer (Culebra Corredora; Alsophis portoricensis) grows to 3 feet. It slinks around in the trees of the Toro Negro Forest. His body sports a solid brown color with each of his scales edged by a darker brown. Like the forest&#39;s other various garden snakes, it is a daytime hunter. The forest also features blind snakes. They spend nearly their entire lives underground but do sometimes take cover under rotting trees. They do not bite as they do not have teeth.</p><br>
<p>Its rivers and lakes are home to several species of fish and crustaceans. Fish found here include Dajao (Vernacular English: Mountain Mullet; Taxonomy: Agonostomus monticola) and Olivo (Sicydium plumieri), also known as Ceti. Some crustaceans are the camarón bocu (Macrobrachium crenulatum), gata (Atya lanipes), and buruquena (Epilobocera sinuatifrons), all endemic to Puerto Rico.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>With the exception of the Salto de Doña Juana waterfall, all of the forest facilities, including all trails, are located within the municipality of Orocovis and they are collectively known as the Doña Juana Recreational Area. Guided tours are available or visitors explore on their own. Ziplining is also a common activity in the Toro Negro forest. The forest office, staffed by personnel from the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, provides maps of the forest and its trails and services, weather conditions information, and mud slides danger levels. Among the facilities available at Toro Negro are a camping area, a recreational area, a system of hiking trails and observation points.</p><br>
<h3>Trails</h3><br>
<p>Officially there are 10 hiking trails covering 18 km. They are provided for hiking as well as to facilitate bird and landscape watching, meditation, and similar activities. While the official number of trails is stated as 10, some of the trails are actually dirt roads for park ranger vehicles. Also, some of the "trails" require the hiker to walk a segment on a paved Commonwealth road or county road. Trails are generally quite wide, but being a forest in mountains with high humidity and rain precipitation, many of the trails are muddy in at least some areas. Hikers are often seen with walking sticks, which help maintain balance when walking on slippery surfaces, particularly the algae-covered ground rocks present on some of the trails. Some of the trails lead to or run near charcos. Charcos are natural swimming pools (swimming holes). The Toro Negro State Forest office is the starting point for several of the trails. However, most of the trails are not well marked, nor are they well kept, so they can be hard to locate and to follow in the dense forest. Under an agreement with the government of Puerto Rico, the municipality of Orocovis is the entity responsible for trail maintenance. The 10 official trails are:</p><br>
<p>Key to icons:</p><br>
<p>– Indicates a Hiking trail area</p><br>
<p>– Indicates Camping area</p><br>
<p>– Indicates a Picnic area</p><br>
<p>– Indicates Diving or Snorkeling area</p><br>
<p>– Indicates Fishing area</p><br>
<p>– Indicates Swimming area</p><br>
<p>– Indicates a Lookout tower</p><br>
<p>– Indicates Visitor&#39;s Center</p><br>
<h4>Trail #1 ("El Bolo")</h4><br>
<p>Named Camino El Bolo, it is the forests longest trail, about 2 mi long, and essentially a loop around Cerro El Bolo. This trail has its course along Cerro El Bolo (El Bolo Mountain), Puerto Ricos tenth tallest peak at 3,527 ft above sea level. It is a low challenge trail. It is essentially a loop that starts at the visitors parking area on PR-143 and terminates on PR-143 about 1/4 mile north of the visitors parking area, from where hikers simply walk the road back to the parking area. Starting off at the visitors parking area, hikers cross PR-143 to head south on the trail. This section of the forest has lots of banana trees and flowers along its way and starts off with a steep uphill climb. Approximately 0.4 mi into the trail, the trail starts to head East and flattens out as it becomes a rocky at first and then grassy further on. Another 0.4 mi heading East the trail connects to Trail #6 which leads to the swimming pool. Continuing East another 0.2 mi, the trail becomes uphill again as it connects to the northernmost point of a paved road, Puerto Rico Highway 561, on the right hand side. From this point on the trail starts to head North on a downhill grade but in less than 0.1 mi it connects to Trail #3 which leads to the Observation Tower, where there is a sign that reads La Torre ("The Tower"). The trail continuous downhill North-Northwest about 0.8 mi until it reaches paved road PR-143, in the vicinity of km 32.6. From this point hikers make a left to walk southwest bound on PR-143 (that is, "West" on PR-143) until reaching the Visitors area at km 32.4.</p><br>
<h4>Trail #3 (Observation Tower)</h4><br>
<p>This trail leads to the Observation Tower. This trail if for advanced hikers. Trail #3 does not start at the visitors parking area, so hikers must first hike on other trails to get to Trail #3. Starting from the visitors parking area, there are three ways to get to Trail #3. Path Option 1: This is the shortest route. Hikers get on PR-143, walking northeast bound (that is, making a left from the parking area to head "East" on PR-143) about 0.25 miles, make a right into the forest at the sign ("Verada #6 - Piscina") to get on Trail #6, hike the 0.8 mile of Trail #6 to its end, make a left into Trail #1 and hike about 0.3 mile to the beginning of Trail #3. Path Option 2: This is the second shortest route. Hikers take Trail #1 as described above under section "Trail #1" until they reach Trail #3 where there is a sign that reads "Observation Tower". Path Option 3: This is the longest route. Hikers head northeast bound (that is, "East" on PR-143) passed the sign stating "Trail #6 - La Piscina (this will be about 0.25 mile hike), and continue northeast bound for approximately another 0.25 mile until the sign stating "Trail #1 - Camino Bolo where hikers make a right into the forest and continue this trail about 0.9 mile until coming to Trail #3.</p><br>
<p>Once on Trail #3, hikers climb this trail about 0.6 miles to its top where the observation tower is located. The trail to the observation tower lookout hill is not for the faint of heart. It is very steep and very slippery. It is a one-way trail (in the sense that the same trail is used in the return trip) and the trail feels even more slippery in the downhill return hike. This trail is made of rocks but, because of the high humidity and low traffic, algae have overtaken the rocks to make the trail very slippery. Walking around the rocks does not always help as the area is muddy - though albeit less slippery. The view and fresh air and breeze make the trek quite rewarding. The views are unobstructed and panoramic 360° views are possible. The tower is 3,537 feet above sea level. Altogether the distance from the visitor&#39;s parking area to the tower is 2.14 miles.</p><br>
<h4>Trail #5 ("Las Cuarenta")</h4><br>
<p>Trail #5 is about 0.9 mile long and is a medium challenge trail. There is a significant amount of mud on this trail, but less so in the dry season months of December through March and June through July. To reach this trail from the visitors parking area hikers must first head northbound to trek the entire length of Trail #7 (the Camping Area trail, 0.1 mile long), cross the bridge over the Doña Juana Creek and then hop on Trail #8. From this point on Trail #8, hikers head West for about 0.2 mile where Trail #5 begins; its entrance is located on the right hand side. The trail heads North and leads to Puerto Rico Highway 564. The first segment of the trail runs downhill for 0.9 mile. The trail runs a thick tropical jungle of banana trees, sierra palms, tree ferns, flamboyant trees, and elephant ears. The trail is muddy, steep, and scantily-marked. Visibility is minimal through the dense foliage. There are several creeks near this trail and birds are abundant: black-throated blue warblers, northern parulas, green mangos, Cape May warblers, belted kingfishers, among others. After the 0.9 mile trek, the trail reaches PR-564. There is water pumping station on the left. From this point the "trail" turns right, as PR-564 is intended to be part of the trail. Hikers walk South on PR-564 for 0.6 mile where the northern terminus of Trail #9 (the Doña Petra trail) is located to the right. Continuing southbound on PR-564 for another 0.1 mile, the road trail meets PR-143, where hikers turn right to continue South on Trail #5. From this point hikers walk another 0.25 mile to arrive at the visitors parking area on the right side of the road. Considering the hikes on Trails #7 and #8 plus the hikes on roads PR-564 and PR-143, Trail #5 is 2.95 miles long, making it the second longest hike of all of Toro Negro&#39;s trails.</p><br>
<h4>Trail #6 (The Pool)</h4><br>
<p>This trail is about 0.5 miles long and a low challenge trail. The trail is well maintained, but the natural pool that it leads to is open during summer months only. Starting from the visitor&#39;s parking area, hikers get on PR-143 walking northeast bound (that is, making a left from the parking area to head "East" on PR-143) about 0.25 miles, then make a right into the forest at the sign ("Verada #6 - Piscina") to get on Trail #6. This trail runs along a river for about 1/4 mile before it comes to the sign "Piscina" pointing left. Continuing south on the trail, there are two eye-catching waterfalls visible from the trail. Continuing southbound and uphill, the trail goes through two flat and open areas with picnic tables. After this, the trail continues uphill and southbound for about 0.6 miles where it comes to its end, reaching Trail #1. Once at Trail #1, hikers either make a left or a right to get onto Trail #1 (trail #1 is a loop trail) or, of course, may turn around to return to the parking area via Trail #6. The entire length of Trail #6 is 0.8 miles.</p><br>
<h4>Trail #7 (Camping Area)</h4><br>
<p>This trail is actually a paved forest road leading to the Los Viveros camping area, Toro Negro State Forests only campground. It is located north of the parking area. The "trail" is only 0.1 mile long, wide and flat, thus a low challenge trail. The trail is also the connecting trail to Trail #8, which leads to Charco La Confesora (see below). Another use of this trail is that it leads to one of the forests three official picnic areas. Its picnic area is the one closes to the visitor&#39;s parking area. The Doña Juana Creek runs next to the picnic area.</p><br>
<h4>Trail #8 ("Charco La Confesora")</h4><br>
<p>This trail is 0.54 mile long, it is a medium challenge trail, and leads to El Charco ("The Pond"), a natural swimming hole. It is located north of the parking area, and starts at the end of Trail #7. After hiking north from the parking area on Trail #7 (Trail #7 is a 0.1 mile long paved road), and hiking by the camping area, Trail #7 comes to an end at the Doña Juana Creek. There is a sign pointing West (Charco Confesora) near the picnic area next to the camping area that serves as a landmark. At this point hikers walk over a little bridge to cross the creek, where Trail #8 begins. The trail heads northwest along the creek (the creek is located to the left of the trail) and the trail is abundant with wild flowers. It is a downhill trail and a bit muddy. A section of the trail consists of concrete steps. At the end of the trail is Charco La Confesora, a natural "pool", with a waterfall as a backdrop. swimming is allowed at this charco. The return path is the same as the path to the charco as the trail terminates at the charco.</p><br>
<h4>Trail #9 ("Doña Petra")</h4><br>
<p>This trail is 0.4 mile long, it is a medium challenge trail. Like Trail #5, it is located north of the parking area, and starts where Trail #7 end. Also, like trail #5, there is a significant amount of mud on this trail, though less so during the dry season months of December through March and June through July. To reach this trail from the visitors parking area hikers must first head northbound to trek the entire length of Trail #7 (the Camping Area trail, 0.1 mile long) and cross the bridge over the Doña Juana Creek. Trail #9 begins at this bridge. Heading to the left from the bridge is the path for Trail #8, but heading straight up (northbound) gets hikers onto Trail #9, the Doña Petra Trail. (Like trail #5, the "Las Cuarenta" trail, Trail #9 will also bring the hiker to State Route PR-564, but being a shorter trail, it does not encounter PR-564 as far north as Trail #5 does.) The first segment of the trail runs downhill for 0.2 mile, where according to ranger office maps, there used to be a trail to the left (i.e., westbound) leading to Trail #5. However, vegetation apparently overran such connecting trail because it is no longer visible. The trail then continues another 0.2 mile where it reaches PR-564. From this point the "trail" turns right, as PR-564 is intended to be part of the trail. Hikers walk South on PR-564 for 0.1 mile where the "road trail" meets PR-143. At State Route PR-143 hikers turn right to continue South on Trail #9. From this point hikers walk another 0.25 mile to arrive at the visitors parking area on the right side of the road. Considering the hikes on Trail #7 and roads PR-564 and PR-143, Trail #9 is 0.75 mile long.</p><br>
<h4>Trails #2, #4, and #10</h4><br>
<p>Trails #2, #4 and #10 are no longer active trails. Trail #2 was called Camino Ortolaza and was 0.5 mile long. It was a "one-way" trail (i.e., same entrance and exit) and ran from PR-143 to the Doña Juana Creek. It started on PR-143 some 0.25 mile west of the entrance to the Area Recreativa/Visitor&#39;s parking area and headed North ending at the Doña Juana Creek, about 0.2 mile west of Charco La Confesora. Trail #4 was called Camino Vega Grande and was 0.4 mile long. It was another "one-way" trail and began on PR-143 about 0.1 mile east of the current Trail #1 eastern terminus. Trail #10 was called Camino El Tabonuco and was about 0.2 mile long. It was also a "one-way" trail. It originated at km 32.3 on PR-143 and headed north into the forest.</p><br>
<h4>Trail #11 (T9-to-T5 Connector)</h4><br>
<p>An unnamed trail, but referenced and marked in the DRNA maps, is a trail that could be termed Trail #11 for referential purposes. It was located midway on Trail #9 (that is, about 0.2 mile west of PR-546) and headed north to Trail #5. It met Trail #9 at a point about 0.2 mile west of PR-546. This trail was about 0.3 mile long. It served the double purpose of acting as a nature trail while at the same time it connected Trails 5 and 9, thus making for a shortcut from Trail #5 back to the car parking area via Trail #9. DRNA considers this unnamed trail a part of (an offshoot of) Trail #5.</p><br>
<h3>Campgrounds</h3><br>
<p>The campgrounds (camping area) at Toro Negro is called Los Viveros. Its coordinates are at 18.17502°N, 66.49202°W (18&deg;10&prime;30.0714&Prime;N latitude, 66&deg;29&prime;31.2714&Prime;W longitude). Camping is available for a maximum of 35 people. Camping facilities include restrooms and showers. A permit is required for camping and they are purchased in advance, as there are no permit sales on premises. In the proximity of the campgrounds there is also a picnic area. It has six picnic shelters with covered BBQ, on-site water, and a spot for a campfire.</p><br>
<h3>Lakes and water sports</h3><br>
<p>Lake El Guineo and Lake Matrullas are both man-made reservoirs. Fishing, boating and kayaking is allowed at the El Guineo and Matrullas reservoirs. It is located between the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis, west of the Doña Juana Recreation Area, on PR-143 at km 25.4. The lowest temperatures recorded on the Puerto Rico—some 40 °F (4 °C) -- were measured at Lake Guineo. Lake Matrullas is located at 18.2064°N 66.4798°W (18&deg;12&prime;23.0394&Prime;N latitude, 66&deg;28&prime;47.2794&Prime;W longitude), at an altitude of 2,464 feet above sea level. It too is between the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis. It is located northeast of the Doña Juana Recreation Area, on PR-564 at km 6.1. The Puerto Rico DRNA allows the use of kayaks in Lake Matrullas. The ambiance is cool and misty. Both lakes are all well stocked with Peacock and Largemouth bass. Creeks are abundant in the area, and in addition to the Quebrada Doña Juana, the forest also has a number of other creeks, such as Quebrada Rosa.</p><br>
<h3>Observation tower</h3><br>
<p>The observation tower, accessible only on foot via Trail #3, rises at 3,537 feet above sea level, making it the highest manmade point on the island. The observation tower sits atop Cerro Doña Juana, Puerto Ricos 11th highest peak at 3,474 ft above sea level. The towers coordinates are 18.17178°N, 66.48091°W (18&deg;10&prime;18.4074&Prime;N latitude, 66&deg;28&prime;51.2754&Prime;W longitude). The tower is used for observation of the landscape surrounding Toro Negro and, on clear mornings before the afternoon clouds roll in, both the northern and southern shores of Puerto Rico are visible. San Juan is also visible as a distant haze in the northeastern horizon. The observation tower affords views Lake El Guineo and Lake Guayabal as well as the Caribbean Sea. It was built by the Spaniards during colonial times as a lookout tower to protect the south coast of the Island.</p><br>
<h3>Charcos</h3><br>
<p>Charcos are natural ponds, or swimming holes, formed by the mountain rivers as they fall as waterfalls onto the ground below. They are popular way of refreshing from the summer heat in the Toro Negro State Forest. The forests "official" pool is accessed via Trail number 6, the La Piscina ("The Pool") trail. To reach trail 6, hikers start out from the forest office/parking area and hike north on route PR-143 about 1/4 mile. Trail 6 is located on the right hand side of the road. This pool is a river-fed pool. It became deteriorated, in disrepair and closed to public use sometime prior to 2010 and, in February 2013, there were unconfirmed reports that it had been repaired and reopen. In 2008, it was reported that an agreement between DNRA and the local community had been signed whereby the community would help repair the pool. Under an agreement with the government of Puerto Rico, the municipality of Orocovis is the entity responsible for pool maintenance. In any case, this pool opens only during the summer months. The pools water temperature is very chilled, but refreshing, given the high humidity of the area, particularly in the afternoons. La Piscina is located at 18.1713°N 66.4876°W (18&deg;10&prime;16.52&Prime;N latitude, 66&deg;29&prime;15.53&Prime;W longitude).</p><br>
<p>A second river-fed swimming pool charco is located at Charco La Confesora. It is about 15 x 25 feet large and deep enough to dive feet first. This charco is accessed via Trail number 8, located at the end of Trail 7, the trail to the camping area. The pool at Charco La Confesora is located at 18.176901, -66.495861. (18&deg;10&prime;36.8436&Prime;N latitude, 66&deg;29&prime;45.0996&Prime;W longitude).</p><br>
<h3>Cerro de Punta and other peaks</h3><br>
<p>The forest includes Puerto Ricos highest peak, Cerro de Punta, which is located at km. 17.0 on Puerto Rico Highway 143. It is at 18.1722°N, 66.5917°W (18&deg;10&prime;19.8&Prime;N latitude, 66&deg;35&prime;30.03&Prime;W longitude). The mountain is the dividing landmark for the municipalities of Ponce and Jayuya. The mountain is accessible by car but the road is quite steep and many prefer to walk the road (it is about half hours hike to the top) unless riding on an all-wheel drive vehicle. There is parking on PR-143 for those who prefer to walk to the hilltop. Another peak in the Toro Negro is Cerro Maravilla, infamous due to the murders of two independentistas youth at the hand of police in an ambush. This peak is also accessible by car from PR-143. The road leading to the top of Cerro Maravilla is PR-577 and is not as steep as that to Cerro de Punta (the Cerro de Punta road has no state signing.) This road is also much shorter, about 0.5 kilometer total length. Cerro Maravilla is located at 18.1532°N, 66.5543°W (18&deg;9&prime;11.6&Prime;N latitude, 66&deg;33&prime;15.56&Prime;W longitude). Communications towers for radio, television, cellular and similar systems are located atop each of these peaks and armed security personnel, including police, is on the premises. However, private individuals can access both of these peaks. Overall, the Forest contains Cerro Punta, Cerro Rosa and Cerro Jayuya, which are considered to be Puerto Rico&#39;s three highest peaks. Cerro Maravilla, Cerro El Bolo, and Cerro Doña Juana are also located within the Toro Negro Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby attractions</h2><br>
<h3>Doña Juana Falls</h3><br>
<p>These falls (Spanish: Salto de Doña Juana) are about 200 feet tall. They are not located within the Toro Negro State Forest itself but they are near it, requiring visitors to drive 3.9 km westbound on route PR-143 from the Doña Juana Recreational Area to reach PR-149, then drive an additional 2.3 kilometers northbound on PR-149 (towards Ciales). The falls are on PR-149 at km 41.3. They are the tallest waterfalls in Puerto Rico. Their coordinates are 18.182836, -66.512257. (18&deg;10&prime;58.2096&Prime;N latitude, 66&deg;30&prime;44.1252&Prime;W longitude).</p><br>
<p>The falls are part of the Doña Juana Creek as it runs into Rio Toro Negro at the line that divides the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis. The falls are very accessible, as they are viewable from the road as drivers cross the bridge of these falls. The falls fall next to the road on its eastern side and then run under the PR-149 bridge, to feed into Rio Toro Negro located a few yards on the western side of PR-149.</p><br>
<h3>Villalba-Orocovis Lookout</h3><br>
<p>This lookout position (known in Spanish as the Mirador Villalba-Orocovis or the Villalba-Orocovis Lookout) is located outside the Toro Negro State Forest but still on PR-143 (km 39.8) and a short distance from the forest, and it is a popular stop over for visitors to the forest. It contains picnic areas, restroom facilities and various trails. It is located at 18°1037"N, 66°270"W, that is, 7.4 kilometers east of Toro Negro State Forest&#39;s Doña Juana Recreational Area.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The Toro Negro State Forest is located in the cool, moist mountains of the Cordillera Central. Mean annual temperature from 19.4 to 25 °C. Temperatures are unmistakably cooler at higher elevations. Average yearly temperature is 18.4 °C (65.12 °F).</p><br>
<p>Average annual precipitation of five weather stations in and surrounding the forest ranges from 203 to 292 cm. As much as 150 inches of annual rainfall has registered at Toro Negro. The average annual rainfall is 110 inches. The months of September and May experience the most precipitation. A dry season runs from December through March. The months of June and July also tend to be dry.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Skamneli  is a village in the Zagori region , 54 km north of Ioannina. It is built in the fringes of mountain Tymfi , at a height of 1160 m.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name "Skamneli" is of uncertain origin. It may derive from the word "sycaminea" (συκαμινέα, the sycamore of the Bible - the fig-mulberry tree). There are several villages and toponyms in Greece with the name Sycaminea or Sykamia. It is more likely, however, that the name is derived from the Greek "skamnos" (σκαμνός), "skamnon" (σκάμνον) or "skamni" (σκαμνί) (scamnum, scannellum that means "seat" or "footstool") perhaps because the village itself seems like a seat and has an amphitheatric view.</p><br>
<p>Skamneli is flanked by the steep cliff of Rhadio (Ραδιό &lt; ῥάδιον) meaning easy or accessible, (if so, either a euphemism or a reference to the road passing by connecting Epirus with Macedonia since ancient times) on its western side and the hill of Prophetes Elias on the eastern side. It looks over the valley of Selio (Σελιό), perhaps from σέλιον or σήλιον, archaic form of ἥλιον meaning "of the sun" or sunny, as this area remains out of the shadow of Rhadio for the entire day. At the bottom of the valley of Selio passes the Skamneliotic stream (Skamneliotiko rema).</p><br>
<p>The village is not mentioned in the Turkish records of 1564. There seemed to be in the area several other small villages that slowly coalesced with Skamneli in the 17th century. These were Catuna or Catuni, Agios Georgios, Prophetes Elias, Gardiki, Trepesi, Kotsanades, Palaiochori (Koziakos-Katsikochori) and Nouka. Nouka (Nuca) was a small settlement of Vlachs at Gyftokampos.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The region of the village was inhabited since prehistoric times, as there have been found ancient, so-called pelasgian fortifications, known by the locals also as the Palaiokastro. They were visited by Nicholas Hammond in 1930 and in 1939, prior to his publication of his book Epirus. Prof Daskaris of the University of Ioannina dated these to the 8th century BC.</p><br>
<p>Moreover, remains of a 4th- to 3rd-century BC circular tower, a rectangular tower, a gate and two smaller doorways have been identified near the entrance of the village in the vicinity of the Monastery of Agia Paraskevi. In the Ottoman period, Skamneli belonged to the Koinon of the Zagorisians (Κοινόν Ζαγορισίων) formed after a treaty with Sinan-Pasha in 1431. Ιt enjoyed along with the other villages a joint autonomy from Ottoman rule. The autonomy guaranteed non-interference from the Turkish administration. Zagorisians had their affairs entrusted to a Council of Elders called Demogerontia (Δημογεροντία), headed by a president or governor called Vekylis (Βεκύλης). They maintained a small force of Sipahi horsemen (σπαχήδες). The Koinon of the Zagorisians was reformalised by a treaty signed in 1670, under which Zagori enjoyed considerable privileges called Surutia, which were only rescinded by the Sultan in 1868. In the later part of the 17th century, the inhabitants of several hamlets began to resettle in Skamneli. The reason was probably raids from bandits. One major such raid is recorded in the books of the Monastery of Agia Paraskevi, according to Frangoulis dated to 1688, by one named Ali Chogmeno at the head of 166 men. He gathered the women and children in the church of Agioi Apostoloi and began a looting of the village. Armatoloi arrived from Doliani, another village in Zagori, under their captain Douvlis and dispersed the bandits after killing Ali Chogmeno. At the time Skamneli had about 1000 inhabitants and was surrounded by several hamlets with an additional 800 inhabitants. Plagued by raids from mainly Albanian and Turkish bandits, the inhabitants of the countryside and hamlets around Skamneli began to emigrate to other villages of Zagori (Tsepelovo, Vradeto and Negades) and also to Northern Epirus (modern Albania), in Karitsa, Molista, Sopiki and especially to Moschopolis (Voskopolis), where a neighborhood became called Skamnelia (Σκαμνελιά), Skamneliki (Σκαμνελίκι) or Skamnelicili.</p><br>
<p>In the second half of the 18th century, Skamneli is believed to have had a population of about 950, according to Frangoulis, based on two surviving village records, but other estimates are of up to 800 families for the entire region. Vikos doctors were active in the area at that time. Looms were worked by the women of Skamneli, producing garments, blankets and woolen fabrics. The foundations of the manors of Skamneli date from this period and were built by masons from Konitsa. During a tour of Mt Tymphe, Ali Pasha was caught by a storm and spent a night in Skamneli at the manor of the Saitzis family, reputed to have caused the admiration of the tyrant.</p><br>
<p>In 1820, after the rebellion of Ali Pasha, a Turkish force of 1500 under Ismael Pasha arrived in Zagori, part of the total army of 20,000 sent against Ali Pasha. Alexis Noutsos from Kapesovo, a member of the Filiki Eteria who had intermarried with the Saitzis family and owned a house in Skamneli, was in command of the force opposing Ismael Pasha. However, the Sultans armies prevailed. Ismael Pasha removed most privileges other than the right to appoint a local governor (Vekylis), whose powers however became nominal. Ismael Pasha introduced very heavy taxation, amounting to 250 silver coins per person and additional taxation in kind. Albanian and local bandits began looting raids once again. This was the time when prominent Greeks everywhere had become members of the Filiki Eteria and were preparing the uprising against the Turks in 1821. The Skamneliot Georgios Papazoglou proposed to Georgios Gennadios in Constantinople (Istanbul) the idea of the establishment of a Greek university at the Monastery of Rogovou, outside nearby Tsepelovo. The idea had also been proposed by Neophytos Doukas, at the time possibly living in Tsepelovo. The plan never materialised because of the limited success of the Greek revolution, that left Epirus under Ottoman rule. Georgios brother Kostas Papazoglou, another member of the Filiki Eteria, left for Missolonghi, where he led and financed a cavalry company during the Greek War of Independence.</p><br>
<p>Several Skamneliots enlisted in the Sacred Band of Alexander Ypsilantis in the opening phase of the Greek War of Independence and fought in Drăgăşani. The success of the War of Independence was limited. Epirus remained under Ottoman control and Zagori was not included in the Kingdom of Greece formed in 1833. In 1837, during a raid by bandits under a man called Vryazis, the bandits found the veteran of the Greek War of Independence Costas Papazoglou in his house in Skamneli and killed him, looting his house among others. In 1868 Zagori lost its last privileges and Skamneli entered a period of further impoverishment and decline. At that time, so-called "gypsies" and pastoral Sarakatsani Vlachs lived here in addition to its traditional inhabitants. The "gypsies", believed by the locals to have been brought to Europe by the Turks from Asia, were involved in the making of tools and utensilis and other metalwork, as well as musical instruments. The pastoral Vlachs of the period managed the livestock of the wealthier families. Both groups became gradually assimilated into the village society. After the battle of Bizani during the first Balkan War (1912), the inhabitants of Skamneli and Tsepelovo rose up. A Turkish unit subsequently entered the village and set fire to all the houses whose occupants were absent. The public records of the village also perished. In 1940 villagers from Skamneli helped in turning back the Italian army that had entered Epirus. Later Napoleon Zervas established his partizans in the area. The village became almost deserted during the Greek Civil War (1946-9) and more of the older stone houses fell to ruin in the subsequent period.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>While some of the grander houses, such as those of the Noutsos and Saitzis families, became ruins, other houses were repaired by the few remaining impoverished inhabitants. Repairs were not always sympathetic to the traditional forms. However, there are some old manors still in existence, built in the traditional style of Zagori, notably that of the Gennadios family, near the village square and those of Cyparrisos, Frangoulis and Theodosiou. A unique characteristic of these manors were murals with floral themes covering the interior and they were also characterised by their unique carved wooden ceilings. While the older ceilings are now mostly gone, a very fine example of modern work in the old Scamneliot style can be seen in the hotel "To Rhadio" (το Ραδιό), along the main road, near the church of the Apostles.</p><br>
<p>The church of Agioi Apostoloi was built in 1793 next to the village square by a benefaction from two Skamneliots living in Moldovlachia (Principalities of Moldavia, Wallachia and Bessarabia), Demetrios and Christodoulos Saitzes. Ιt has beautiful wooden panelling and is of considerable historical significance as a representative of the style of the period. Young Skamneliotes used to study in Ioannina or in Italy and in Constantinople during the Ottoman period and would emigrate for work to Constantinople, Asia Minor, Russia, the Danubian principalities of Moldova, Wallachia and Bessarabia, known collectively as Moldovlachia, in Romania and also to Egypt. More recently there has been emigration also to the United States. There used to be two large monasteries near the entrance of Skamneli, that of Agios Nikolaos housed monks while that of Agia Paraskevi originally housed nuns. The Monastery of Agios Nikolaos dates from 1683. Parts of the monks&#39; quarters, the church and a picturesque roofed well still remain.</p><br>
<p>The Monastery of Agia Paraskevi dates from the 12th or 13th century, as some of the oldest murals suggest, during the period of the Despotate of Epirus. It was founded as a nunnery with 60 nuns. On the record of its last commissioner, it became a "Stavropegiac" monastery in 1453, after the Fall of Constantinople, and has remained under the direct jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. It was refounded in 1697 as a male monastery. Some of the frescoes were painted in 1717 and 1773 by painters from nearby Kapesovo and from Chionades. The exterior fresco mainly around the theme of the Final Judgement was apparently made by a hagiographer from nearby Koukouli. The frail frescoes were restored in 1933 and 1984. The monastery became ruinous and only the central church remains out of the original foundation. Another old church, that of the Panagia (Church of the Yperagia Theotokos or the Dormition of the Theotokos) has suffered from disrepair and, although still standing, has been closed to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>The village celebrates the Feast of Agia Paraskevi, on the 26th of July, with a local festival.</p><br>
<p>Near the village lies Gyftokampos, a place of an annual meeting of the Greek-speaking Epirotan Vlachs Sarakatsani on the first weekend of August. It is also an exhibition ground every year, from May till October, with huts and other representations of the traditional life of the Sarakatsani.</p><br>
<p>A custom surviving until recently in some villages in the area was a divination referred to as the "amileto nero" (unbespoken water). It involved an offering of water and grain by adolescent girls, relating to an ancient Demetriac festival of the month of Gamelion. Reputedly, the springwater mourmoured an omen, usually relating to the girl&#39;s future marital life.</p><br>
<p>According to Odysseas Frangoulis, St Cosmas (Kosmas Aitolos or Cosmas of Aetolia) preached in Skamneli outside the monastery of Agios Nikolaos. He prophesied "when you see here many horses gathered, the Romioi are coming". When the village was burnt in 1912 by the retreating Turks, they had left their horses outside the monastery.</p><br>
<h2>Wedding customs</h2><br>
<p>Weddings in former times were governed by tradition. Following engagement, and an exchange of rings, it was customary for a young Skamneliot to follow a more experienced elder abroad for work or study. They paid irregular visits to Skamneli, following the local maxim "do not visit your home often, so that you are filled with constant longing". Friends of the bride would gather nightly to knit the dowry. The final preparations and the feast were the grooms duty. On the Thursday before the wedding, boys and girls carried the dowry to the grooms house. On the eve of the wedding, bread was baked and children were sent to the houses of the groom and the bride to summon them. The bride, upon leaving her family home would break a pitcher, spilling its contents of water and grains of wheat to the ground, so that not all good fortune left her parents home. The bride would set out on a white horse, wearing a knitted vest over a gilded dress held together by a golden waistband decorated with florins. In more recent times the dress was white on the day of the wedding but the young bride was dressed in a black silken dress on the second day. Arriving at the grooms house with her companions (fylachtades), she would have to overcome gracefully some obstacle, the nature of which was kept secret. Much tutoring was made in advance, so that she might deal with any problem and gain respect and admiration. After the wedding, always on a Sunday, there was a feast with music by Epirotan musicians. The family would lead the dance and the newlyweds would join last. It was the responsibility of the leader of the ceremonies, called Vlamis (the best man), to fulfill the requests of the guests regarding food. Feasts would often take place in the open area of Selio south of the village or in the fountain of Goura above the village. Wedding celebrations would last for three days. In the second day, the married couple would go to a water fountain, often a place of trysts for young lovers. The bride would let her water pitcher fall and break. She would then sing a song:</p><br>
<p>"If you go to the fountain for water,</p><br>
<p>I will be hiding there</p><br>
<p>I will break your pitcher,</p><br>
<p>So that you return to your mother empty handed."</p><br>
<p>"My mother, I lost my footing</p><br>
<p>and I broke my pitcher."</p><br>
<p>"It was not a loss of footing,</p><br>
<p>It was a man&#39;s embracing."</p><br>
<p>Before leaving the fountain, the bride would throw a few coins in it. The dancing and merry-making would continue until the third day and would end with words from the bride&#39;s parents to the effect "we brought you a bride, we brightened your house". These wedding customs are no longer practiced as only a few inhabitants remain year-round in Skamneli.</p><br>
<h2>Prominent Skamneliots</h2><br>
<p>Adam Gorgidas, a professor of Medicine at the University of Budapest, member of the Philike Etairia (Filiki Eteria) translated in 1849 the Encheiridion of Practical Pathology of D.P. Frank from Latin into Greek.</p><br>
<p>Skamneli also is the birthplace of the national benefactor Aggeliki Papazoglou (c. 1810-1891). Among else, she provided the funds for the building of a library for the University of Athens and built a school for girls in Ioannina, the Papazogleios.</p><br>
<p>Georgios Sinas, Director of the Bank of Austria for 25 years, was a national benefactor, responsible for the building of the National Astronomical Observatory in Athens and was among the first trustees of the Bank of Greece after Greek independence. He was born in Moschopolis of Northern Epirus and was of Skamneliot descent.</p><br>
<p>Simon Sinas, baron, son of Georgios Sinas, was a Greek Consul in Vienna. He funded the building of the National Academy in Athens, considered by some as the most beautiful neoclassical building in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>The Hecht Company Warehouse in Washington, D.C. is a Streamline Moderne style building. Designed by engineer Gilbert V. Steel of the New York engineering firm Abbott and Merkt, and prominently located on New York Avenue in Ivy City, it served as the central warehouse for The Hecht Company from its construction in 1937 and expansion in 1948. The building uses glass block extensively, culminating in a twelve-pointed star-shaped cupola at the corner, which is illuminated at night. Black brick interspersed with glass block spells out "The Hecht Co" at the fifth floor.</p><br>
<p>At its opening, the building featured an in-house vehicle repair shop, air conditioning for the basement and first two floors, and three railroad track platforms.</p><br>
<p>A careful rehabilitation was carried out in 1992, using matching materials. The site and surrounding area are currently under redevelopment to turn the building into a mixed-use retail and residential complex called the Hecht Warehouse District.</p><br>
<p>Chocorua Lake is a picturesque lake in northeast New Hampshire with commanding views of the summit of Mount Chocorua. It is approximately 1.1 miles  long  with a maximum width of 3,500 ft  , covering 222 acres , and a maximum depth of 27 feet .</p><br>
<p>The lake is most noted for its calm, serene setting. There is little to no development surrounding it, and its stunning views of the bald summit of Mount Chocorua are unblemished by radio antennas.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Chocorua Lake, also commonly called Lake Chocorua, is located in east-central New Hampshire in the town of Tamworth, New Hampshire. It is located in the Ossipee Lake watershed south of the White Mountains region. The watershed is 13.2 square miles of mostly protected forest under the management of the United States Forest Service. The main inflow into the lake is the Chocorua River from the north, which drains the south side of Mount Chocorua. Stratton Brook flows into the west side of the lake. The lake&#39;s outflow is to the south, through Little Chocorua Lake, then through a dam outfall into the Chocorua River. (Though the lake has a dammed outlet, it is a natural lake, not a reservoir, with the dam serving to maintain the water level of the lake at precisely 574 feet above sea level.) The water from the Chocorua Lake outfall and the Chocorua River eventually reaches the Bearcamp River and enters Ossipee Lake, then the Saco River and finally the Atlantic Ocean on the coast of Maine.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Swimming, canoeing, kayaking, and fishing are popular recreation activities on the lake. Outboard motors of any kind are prohibited from using the lake. In addition, campfires and cooking fires of any kind are prohibited from the shore of the lake. Canoe and kayak access is available from The Grove off of New Hampshire Route 16 on the east side of the lake, and from the road near the bridge on the south end of the lake. There are beaches accessible from Route 16 on the east side of the lake. In addition, there are many hiking trails around the lake; most notable are the trails leading to the summit of Mount Chocorua just north of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Fish species that live in Chocorua Lake include brook trout, smallmouth bass, black bullhead, yellow perch, rainbow trout and catfish.</p><br>
<p>Bird species that live in or migrate through the vicinity include the bald eagle, loon, and osprey.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality and environmental concerns</h2><br>
<p>Chocorua Lake is a fragile lake due to how shallow it is. It has an average depth of 12 feet (3.7 m) and a maximum depth of 27 feet (8.2 m). Because of the lake&#39;s shallowness, sunlight reaches most of the water column. Therefore, even low concentrations of nutrients can cause plant life and algae to grow quickly, obscuring the sunlight needed for their growth, leading to a loss of oxygen in the water. Due to overdevelopment of the region and runoff from New Hampshire Route 16, phosphorus and other nutrients started showing up in the lake in higher concentrations. Algae, lily pads, and other plant life grew at a rapid rate and caused the clarity of the lake to decline. This can increase the risk of dead zones to occur in the lake. The Chocorua Lake Association (CLA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the New Hampshire Department of Transportation (NHDOT), and the Town of Tamworth began what was called the "Berms and Swales Project" in September 2000 to build berms, swales, and other filtering devices to control runoff and to filter sediments and nutrients. This critical work with the partnership among the various agencies has caused an 82% percent decline in phosphorus nutrients since 2000. This has been noted on the EPA website as one of its.</p><br>
<h2>Scenic beauty</h2><br>
<p>The lake is surrounded by forests with very little visible human development. This provides a very natural setting that is rare to find around most lakes today due to houses, restaurants, hotels, and docks that surround most lakes. This is mostly due to the conservation easements written into the property deeds of about 60 landowners that preserved the forested buffers that surround the lake.</p><br>
<p>Visible to the north of the lake is the stunning view of the bald face summit of Mount Chocorua, which tops out at an elevation of 3,490 ft. On most days the mountain&#39;s reflection on the lake provides for spectacular photographs.</p><br>
<p>Llyn Llywenan  is a lake in western Anglesey, Wales found just over 1 km north of the village of Bodedern and 9 km east of the town of Holyhead. At a maximum length of 1.1 km and breath of 0.4 km it has a surface area of only 0.4 km&sup2;. This makes it the largest natural lake on the island&mdash;both Llyn Alaw and Llyn Cefni are larger but are man made.</p><br>
<p>The lake, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, is situated 34 m above mean sea level and was chosen as an SSSI as there are uncommon aquatic plants there, as well as the fact that the lake is very shallow and could in the next hundred years or so be filled with silt. There is a small, rather featureless, island in the middle of the southern section of the lake which is roughly 35 m across.</p><br>
<p>There are two neolithic burial mounds immediately to the south of the lake, one of which is quite complete. The character Lord Owen Griffiths for the American role playing game Castle Falkenstein has a lover Gwagged Annwn Nimüe who, in the game world, lives by the lake.</p><br>
<p>Mount Feake Cemetery is a historic cemetery at 203 Prospect Street in Waltham, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Established in 1857, it is the city&#39;s second cemetery, after Grove Hill Cemetery, and is one of the best-preserved garden cemeteries in the state. It takes its name from its highest point, Mount Feake, which was named by Governor John Winthrop in 1632 for his future nephew-in-law, Robert Feake, one of the founding settlers of Watertown, Massachusetts. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Mount Feake Cemetery was designed by Robert Morris Copeland, and was from its inception compared to the older Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge. It stands on a somewhat rugged parcel of land that rises above the Charles River across from the Waltham Watch Company complex. A series of winding lanes, designed to complement the terrain, provide access to all parts of the cemetery. Most of the grave markers are made of granite, although marble and limestone are also well-represented.</p><br>
<p>One unusual item once added some romantic charm to the cemetery. The remains of a brick water pumping station, built in 1872 and enlarged in 1896-97, stood on the grounds of the cemetery, and provided a picturesque ruin to the environment. Adjacent to this building stood two Italianate houses, as well as a carriage house and sheds, that were historically associated with the pumping station. All of these buildings were demolished, probably in the late 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Tuya Lake, located in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, presumably derives its name from the presence of nearby steep-sided, flat-topped volcanoes, known as tuyas. The lake is situated just south of Tuya Butte at a latitude of about 59 degrees North and a longitude of about 131 degrees West.</p><br>
<h2>Fish species</h2><br>
<p>The fish species that are native to Tuya Lake include Arctic grayling (Thymalus arcticus), bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus), burbot (Lota lota), prickly sculpin (Cottus asper), and slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus). While it is not a native species, sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) can also be found in Tuya Lake.</p><br>
<h3>Impact of the Pacific Salmon Treaty</h3><br>
<p>The Pacific Salmon Treaty was created in 1985 and it is an agreement between the United States and Canada aimed at conserving salmon populations and maintaining equity in the area of salmon fishing. As a part of this treaty, the amount of sockeye salmon was increased by 100,000 in the Stikine Water Shed, which Tuya Lake is a part of.</p><br>
<h2>Surrounding areas</h2><br>
<p>Much of the area surrounding Tuya Lake consists of undeveloped wilderness. The human activity around Tuya Lake is limited mainly to hunting and other outdoor activities. Common animals that attract hunters include caribou, grizzly bear, moose, mountain goat, black bear, wolf, and wolverine. The types of waterfowl in the area include northern pintail, lesser scaup, and red-throated loon.</p><br>
<h3>Landforms and vegetation</h3><br>
<p>The Tuya Lake region is in close proximity to many mountains, plateaus, tuyas, and valleys. In lowland areas, wetlands are common. Forests of white spruce, willow, birch, and fir are present.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Tuya Lake empties into Tuya River which flows in a South or Southwest direction until it enters the Stikine River. It is fed by numerous tributaries, most notably Butte Creek, as well as several others that are not named.</p><br>
<p>The Ross Creek Reservoir is an artificial lake in Dunedin, New Zealand. One of the oldest artificial lakes in the country, and the oldest water supply reservoir still in use in the country, it was created in the 1860s to provide water for the city of Dunedin, at that time in the middle of rapid expansion due to the Otago goldrush. Designed by engineer Ralph Donkin and supervising builder David Proudfoot, the reservoir was opened in 1867 as the Royal Albert Reservoir, but the name was unpopular and it has been known as the Ross Creek Reservoir for over a century.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir, dams, and picturesque valve tower have a New Zealand Historic Places Trust Level I classification.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is located in a heavily wooded valley in the suburb of Glenleith, four kilometres north of the city centre. Fed by a small stream, the Ross Creek — a tributary of the Water of Leith — it is held behind two small dams, 23 metres and 10 metres in height. The base of the larger dam is 95 metres above sea level, with the water surface at approximately 115 metres ASL.</p><br>
<h2>Ross Creek Reserve</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir is surrounded by a public reserve which has been allowed to regenerate with native bush. Though not technically covered by the New Zealand Reserves Act, the area is referred to as a reserve and managed and maintained as such by the Dunedin City Council, by virtue of its high scenic and recreational value. This lies between Tanner and Rockside Roads in Glenleith and Cannington Road in Maori Hill. The winding Burma Road runs through the reserve to the north and west of the reservoir. One of Dunedins most popular golf courses, Balmacewen Golf Course, abuts the reserves southwest corner. The highest point in the reserve, in its northeastern corner close to Tanner Road, is some 190 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Numerous popular walking tracks lead to and circle the reservoir, and follow the course of the Ross Creek and its tributary, School Creek. Track counters have recorded as many as 4,000 walkers on the tracks per month, making them some of Dunedin&#39;s most well-used bush walks. The tracks are marked with stone markers, and a permanent orienteering course is also marked numbered posts. The walks can be entered from various points along Burma and Tanner Roads, but the main entry is from lower down Ross Creek at Glenleith. A further track links the reserve with a walkway which follows the course of the Water of Leith past a former quarry to link with tracks which run through Woodhaugh Gardens at the mouth of the Leith Valley 0.9 km to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>Notable features of the reserve — other than the reservoir — include a waterfall which cascades some 20 m into School Creek. Though these falls appear completely natural, they were created by the diversion of Ross Creek to form the reservoir, and now carry waters from the creeks flood channel. The lower parts of the reserves tracks close to Glenleith are also notable, as they pass through the narrowest part of the Ross Creek&#39;s valley, which rises as canyon walls on both sides of the track and creek.</p><br>
<p>The Île Ronde  is a French islet 400 m to the south west of Pointe de l’Armorique, in the roadstead of Brest, within the territory of the commune of Plougastel-Daoulas. Its highest point is 24 m. Facing Île Ronde, on the pointe de l’Armorique, is the fort de la pointe de l’Armorique, built in 1775 for the defense of Brest.</p><br>
<h2>''Ducs D'Albe''</h2><br>
<p>In the sea, 600 m to the east of Île Ronde, are two dolphins, concrete cubes built by the German occupiers during the Second World War at a place where the water is 16 m deep. They were intended to host the German battleship Bismarck, but she was sunk in May 1941 before she could reach Brest and never used them. It seems these caissons were not intensively used.</p><br>
<p>The proximity of the channel separating Île Ronde from the pointe de l’Armorique gives rise to severe sea currents, making docking manoeuvres at this point difficult. Today unused, these concrete cubes have become inaccessible for humans and thus have become a haven for flora and fauna, including nests for common terns.</p><br>
<p>Kapesovo  is a village in the Zagori region , it is 43 km north of Ioannina. The name Kapesovo is Slavic and means garden. The village used to be more south near Baya , where lots of vegetables were grown and it was called "Kapouska". It was later moved to its current position for health reasons. There is a big cliff next to the village called "Kapesios"  and the name of the village might be related to it.</p><br>
<p>The village is near the Vikos canyon, the view of which is spectacular at certain spots.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At 18th and 19th century Kapesovo was renowned in Epirus for its painters, called mpogades (Μπογάδες), that worked in dozens of churches from Moscopole to Arta.</p><br>
<p>Kapesovo experienced a great flourishing until 1860 and this is evident in the great manors with folk wall paintings and churches with paintings (hagiographies) in their interior. The church of Aghios Nikolaos, built in 1793, the cultural center and the folkloric museum are some of the village&#39;s attractions. In the Paschaleios School, found at 1861, by Konstantinos and Pavlos Paschalis, is kept today one of the four copies of Rigas Fereos chart.</p><br>
<p>Out of the village is a cobble stone pathway down a steep rocky slope that leads to nearby Vradeto. The pathway is a work of great craftsmanship of Epirotic artisans. Outside of the village, close to Kipoi village is the famous bridge of Kalogeriko or Plakidas.</p><br>
<p>The Kapesovites used to migrate mostly to Egypt and the USA In Greece, they migrated to Macedonia and Athens.</p><br>
<h2>Personalities</h2><br>
<p>Konstantinos and Pavlos Paschalis, merchants and benefactors.</p><br>
<p>Alexis Noutsos, advisor of Ali Pasha.</p><br>
<p>Ioannoutsos Karamesinis, general governor of the League of Zagori, 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
